The M W 6.3 Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia, Earthquake occurred on May 27 th 2006 and killed more than 5,000 people and injured more than 36,000 people. The earthquake had a duration of 52 seconds, which is a long duration for the magnitude of the event, and left 600,000 people without shelter. The earthquake occurred near Mt. Merapi, which is an active volcano. The paper's purpose is to outline the existing knowledge about the earthquake and place this knowledge within the context of recent studies of the statistics of earthquake fatalities. The study of the earthquake deaths and injuries form part of an ongoing investigation into the development of methods to estimate fatalities in given earthquakes, and in particular the upper bounds to the fatalities observed in a special group of rare fatal earthquakes.