The
            <i>Bacillus subtilis nrdEF</i>
            Genes, Encoding a Class Ib Ribonucleotide Reductase, Are Essential for Aerobic and Anaerobic Growth

Härtig, Elisabeth; Hartmann, Anja; Schätzle, Manuela; Albertini, Alessandra M.; Jahn, Dieter

doi:10.1128/aem.00599-06

Cited by 29 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The nrdE and nrdF genes encode the only ribonucleotide reductases known in B. subtilis. These proteins are essential for the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides (10). YmaB is a putative enzyme also involved in deoxyribonucleotide synthesis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Transcriptional Analysis of Virus-Host Interactions between Phage ϕ29 and Bacillus subtilis

Mojardín

Salas

2016

J Virol

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The study of phage-host relationships is essential to understanding the dynamic of microbial systems. Here, we analyze genomewide interactions of Bacillus subtilis and its lytic phage 29 during the early stage of infection. Simultaneous high-resolution analysis of virus and host transcriptomes by deep RNA sequencing allowed us to identify differentially expressed bacterial genes. Phage 29 induces significant transcriptional changes in about 0.9% (38/4,242) and 1.8% (76/4,242) of the host protein-coding genes after 8 and 16 min of infection, respectively. Gene ontology enrichment analysis clustered upregulated genes into several functional categories, such as nucleic acid metabolism (including DNA replication) and protein metabolism (including translation). Surprisingly, most of the transcriptional repressed genes were involved in the utilization of specific carbon sources such as ribose and inositol, and many contained promoter binding-sites for the catabolite control protein A (CcpA). Another interesting finding is the presence of previously uncharacterized antisense transcripts complementary to the well-known phage 29 messenger RNAs that adds an additional layer to the viral transcriptome complexity. IMPORTANCEThe specific virus-host interactions that allow phages to redirect cellular machineries and energy resources to support the viral progeny production are poorly understood. This study provides, for the first time, an insight into the genome-wide transcriptional response of the Gram-positive model Bacillus subtilis to phage 29 infection. Due to their small dimension and limited size of genomes, bacteriophages have optimized the exploitation of host resources to increase the production of the viral progeny. A comprehensive understanding of these host-virus interactions requires the analysis of associated transcriptional changes in both organisms. Thus, we used the recently developed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to monitor to a high level of accuracy and depth the genome-wide effect of the bacteriophage 29 on Bacillus subtilis transcription. The transcriptome profiles were analyzed at two early infection time points (8 and 16 min postinfection) so that the identification of the bacterial genes corresponding to these stages could allow the identification of potential phage targets.Phage 29 is a well-characterized lytic virus that belongs to the Podoviridae family. Over the years, it has been the subject of many extensive studies that have contributed to the understanding of several molecular mechanisms of biological processes, such as transcription regulation, viral DNA packaging, viral morphogenesis, and DNA replication (1). Phage 29 genome consists of a linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecule of 19,285 bp, which encodes 28 open reading frames (ORFs) transcribed from four early and one late promoters. The viral genes are expressed in a temporal sequence to ensure that DNA replication, and the production and assembly of viral components occur in an orderly fashion. Thus, bacterial cells inf...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Transcriptional Analysis of Virus-Host Interactions between Phage ϕ29 and Bacillus subtilis

Mojardín

Salas

2016

J Virol

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“…Under the standard anaerobic conditions, E. coli MG1655 grows well on this medium, while the menA mutant is unable to grow. Anaerobic growth of L. monocytogenes in liquid media was performed in Wheaton serum bottles (100-ml capacity) containing 60 ml of BHI medium or in the case of prfA induction (62) LB supplemented with 50 mM MOPS (morpholinepropanesulfonic acid), 25 mM glucose-1-phosphate, and 0.2% activated charcoal, supplemented with 5.7 mM cysteine (Sigma) to scavenge traces of oxygen and 0.0001% of resazurin as a redox indicator (24,39). The bottle contents were boiled for 5 min to remove dissolved oxygen in the medium, immediately purged with nitrogen for 5 min (0.75 atm), and capped prior to being autoclaved.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of the Inability of Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e To Grow Anaerobically Due to a Deletion in the Class III NrdD Ribonucleotide Reductase for Its Use as a Model Laboratory Strain

et al. 2011

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“…1B, probe 1), indicating that these transcripts were not transcribed from the xnrdEF locus. The nucleotide sequence of the first 248 bp of the 5= end of the SP␤ bnrdF genes is very similar to that of the B. subtilis nrdF gene (99% identity), and the nrdF gene is transcribed as 4.1-and 3.4-knt transcripts corresponding to nrdIEF-ymaB and the nrdIEF operon, respectively (32). These data indicated that probe 1 cross-hybridized with, and thus detected, the nrdIEFymaB and the nrdIEF transcripts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 48%

“…The bnrdEF genes of SP␤ are homologues of B. subtilis nrdEF and xnrdEF of SP10. The nrdEF genes encode ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which catalyzes the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides and which is essential for the growth of B. subtilis (32). The xnrdEF genes complement a temperature-sensitive mutation of nrdE, and such complementation is inhibited by artificially induced transcription from the 3= end of the bnrdE antisense strand (31).…”

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confidence: 99%

SP10 Infectivity Is Aborted after Bacteriophage SP10 Infection Induces nonA Transcription on the Prophage SPβ Region of the Bacillus subtilis Genome

et al. 2014

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dBacteria have developed various strategies for phage resistance. Infection with phage induces the transcription of part of the phage resistance gene, but the regulatory mechanisms of such transcription remain largely unknown. The phage resistance gene nonA is located on the SP␤ prophage region of the Bacillus subtilis Marburg strain genome. The nonA transcript was detected at the late stage of SP10 infection but is undetectable in noninfected cells. The nonA transcript was detected after the induction of the sigma factor Orf199-Orf200 ( Orf199-200 ), when sigma factors encoded in the SP10 genome were expressed from a xylose-inducible plasmid. Thus, the SP10 sigma factor is an activator of a set of SP10 genes and nonA. The nonA gene encodes a 72-aminoacid protein with a transmembrane motif and has no significant homology with any protein in any database. NonA overexpression halted cell growth and reduced the efficiency of B. subtilis colony formation and respiration activity. In addition, SP10 virion protein synthesis was inhibited in the nonA ؉ strain, and SP10 virion particles were scarce in it. These results indicate that NonA is a novel protein that can abort SP10 infection, and its transcription was regulated by SP10 sigma factor.

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The Bacillus subtilis nrdEF Genes, Encoding a Class Ib Ribonucleotide Reductase, Are Essential for Aerobic and Anaerobic Growth

Cited by 29 publications

References 46 publications

Global Transcriptional Analysis of Virus-Host Interactions between Phage ϕ29 and Bacillus subtilis

Global Transcriptional Analysis of Virus-Host Interactions between Phage ϕ29 and Bacillus subtilis

Implications of the Inability of Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e To Grow Anaerobically Due to a Deletion in the Class III NrdD Ribonucleotide Reductase for Its Use as a Model Laboratory Strain

SP10 Infectivity Is Aborted after Bacteriophage SP10 Infection Induces nonA Transcription on the Prophage SPβ Region of the Bacillus subtilis Genome

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