This chapter analyses how the context of decolonization gave rise to a new discourse in international public law on the legitimacy and legality of sovereign debts contracted during the colonial times. It focuses on the international doctrine of state succession created by ‘third-world’ legal scholars within the context of the United Nations (UN), at the UN General Assembly (UNGA), and the International Law Commission (ILC). This chapter focuses in particular on the twenty-year-long effort started in the 1960s by the ILC to codify the doctrine on the law of State Succession in respect to State Property, Archives and Debts, which led to the adoption of the so-named Convention by a majority of newly independent states in 1983. In doing so, it highlights the tools that international public law gave to the global movement in favour of the cancellation of sovereign debts contracted during colonial times. The chapter is based on archival research as well as extensive interviews with the concerned lawyers, in particular, with foremost foreign policy architect and prominent international law scholar Mohamed Bedjaoui (1929–) who opposed the continuity in sovereign debt obligations that former empires wanted to impose on newly independent states.