The <i>Shigella dysenteriae</i> serotype 1 proteome, profiled in the host intestinal environment, reveals major metabolic modifications and increased expression of invasive proteins

Pieper, Rembert; Zhang, Quanshun; Parmar, Prashanth P.; Huang, Shih Ting; Clark, David; Alami, Hamid; Donohue‐Rolfe, Arthur; Fleischmann, Robert; Peterson, Scott N.; Tzipori, Saul

doi:10.1002/pmic.200900196

Cited by 42 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…However, the nitrate reductase composed of NarG and NarH is strongly reduced in abundance intracellularly (Table 3). Additional evidence for the importance of mixed-acid fermentation during infection is the detection of these enzymes in the proteome analysis of Shigella dysenteriae isolated from the large bowel of infected gnotobiotic piglets (84,85). While similarities were noted in the proteomes of the intracellular bacteria and those isolated from the piglets, the two studies are not entirely comparable, since the bacteria obtained from the piglet intestine likely included extracellular and intracellular bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Analysis of the Proteome of Intracellular Shigella flexneri Reveals Pathways Important for Intracellular Growth

et al. 2013

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Global proteomic analysis was performed with Shigella flexneri strain 2457T in association with three distinct growth environments: S. flexneri growing in broth (in vitro), S. flexneri growing within epithelial cell cytoplasm (intracellular), and S. flexneri that were cultured with, but did not invade, Henle cells (extracellular). Compared to in vitro and extracellular bacteria, intracellular bacteria had increased levels of proteins required for invasion and cell-to-cell spread, including Ipa, Mxi, and Ics proteins. Changes in metabolic pathways in response to the intracellular environment also were evident. There was an increase in glycogen biosynthesis enzymes, altered expression of sugar transporters, and a reduced amount of the carbon storage regulator CsrA. Mixed acid fermentation enzymes were highly expressed intracellularly, while tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle oxidoreductive enzymes and most electron transport chain proteins, except CydAB, were markedly decreased. This suggested that fermentation and the CydAB system primarily sustain energy generation intracellularly. Elevated levels of PntAB, which is responsible for NADPH regeneration, suggested a shortage of reducing factors for ATP synthesis. These metabolic changes likely reflect changes in available carbon sources, oxygen levels, and iron availability. Intracellular bacteria showed strong evidence of iron starvation. Iron acquisition systems (Iut, Sit, FhuA, and Feo) and the iron starvation, stress-associated Fe-S cluster assembly (Suf) protein were markedly increased in abundance. Mutational analysis confirmed that the mixed-acid fermentation pathway was required for wild-type intracellular growth and spread of S. flexneri. Thus, iron stress and changes in carbon metabolism may be key factors in the S. flexneri transition from the extra-to the intracellular milieu.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Analysis of the Proteome of Intracellular Shigella flexneri Reveals Pathways Important for Intracellular Growth

et al. 2013

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“…It is also noteworthy that studies of closely related bacterial pathogens (i.e., Escherichia coli or Shigella spp.) have expanded our knowledge on bacterial adaptations upon interactions with their host cells (20,21,22,23,24,25). For instance, Pieper et al studied the Shigella flexneri proteome within infected epithelial cells (24).…”

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confidence: 99%

Proteomic Analyses of Intracellular Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Reveal Extensive Bacterial Adaptations to Infected Host Epithelial Cells

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2015

Infect Immun

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Salmonella species can gain access into nonphagocytic cells, where the bacterium proliferates in a unique membrane-bounded compartment. In order to reveal bacterial adaptations to their intracellular niche, here we conducted the first comprehensive proteomic survey of Salmonella isolated from infected epithelial cells. Among ϳ3,300 identified bacterial proteins, we found that about 100 proteins were significantly altered at the onset of Salmonella intracellular replication. In addition to substantially increased iron-uptake capacities, bacterial high-affinity manganese and zinc transporters were also upregulated, suggesting an overall limitation of metal ions in host epithelial cells. We also found that Salmonella induced multiple phosphate utilization pathways. Furthermore, our data suggested upregulation of the two-component PhoPQ system as well as of many downstream virulence factors under its regulation. Our survey also revealed that intracellular Salmonella has increased needs for certain amino acids and biotin. In contrast, Salmonella downregulated glycerol and maltose utilization as well as chemotaxis pathways. While infectious diseases continue to be a major threat to human health, there is an urgent need in rational design and development of new treatment strategies. As a model for studying bacterial pathogenesis, Salmonella spp. cause millions of infections per year ranging from food poisoning to life-threatening systemic typhoid fever (1). Central to its pathogenesis is a syringelike structure known as the type III secretion system (T3SS), which delivers bacterial proteins called effectors directly into eukaryotic host cells (2, 3). The injected proteins are able to modulate various host cellular functions, and over the years extensive studies have been carried out on these effector proteins and/or their interacting host targets. While these studies have contributed substantially to our initial understanding of infection biology, daunting challenges are encountered because conventional reductionism-based studies certainly cannot explain the complex multifactorial nature of host-pathogen interactions (4). Systems-level analyses can provide a panoramic view of the functional host-pathogen interplay and thus are promising in this regard.During infection, the intracellular environment is likely to be very different from what bacteria encounter in rich culture media. It has long been known that various nutritional and environmental differences within host cells force bacterial pathogens to reprogram their gene expression. In fact, transcriptomic studies of intracellular Salmonella within infected macrophages and epithelial cells contributed to our initial understanding of bacterial adaptations in the host environment (5, 6). Because proteins are the final gene products and their changes may not correlate with those of mRNA, direct readout of the bacterial proteome is highly desired. Such measurements, however, have been technically challenging due to the presence of vast amounts of host proteins (7). As a ...

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“…It was obvious that this organism may not survive the gastric conditions except there were other means of protections adopted by this organism to survive this condition. High in vivo abundance of amino acid decarboxylases (GadB and AdiA) and protein disaggregation chaperones (HdeA, HdeB and ClpB) were indicative of a coordinated bacterial survival response and enhancer of pH homeostasis in the cytoplasm of these pathogens to acid stress in human GIT (Pieper et al, 2009). Begum et al (2007) in their work to characterize the intracellular protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the protease showed highest activities at pH 8.0 and 50°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Assay for the Volatile Oils of Chromolaena odorata and its Inhibition against the Partially Purified and Characterized Extracellular Protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Adeola¹,

Folorunso²,

Raimi³

et al. 2015

Asian J. of Biochemistry

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The recent development in the antimicrobial therapy to meet the challenges of resistant pathogenic bacteria has called for rapid growth in exploring natural products as alternative. The antimicrobial activity of the oils from the leaf and stem of Chromolaena odorata against nine enteric pathogenic bacteria was assessed and compared with commonly used antibiotics. Specifically, we examined the mode of inhibition of these oils on the extracellular protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The inhibition zones of the oils range from 13.0±1.0-43.5±2.5 mm in Salmonella paratyphimurium and Shigella dysenteriae, respectively. Ceftriaxone has the highest inhibition of 26.0±2.0 mm against Salmonella paratyphimurium. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the average inhibition of the antibiotics, 5.0±0.82 mm and the volatile oils, 18.0±4.0 mm. Each of the microbes was sensitive to at least one of the oils. The extracellular protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa had optimal activities at pH 7. protein) was achieved from the crude enzyme with DEAE anion exchange chromatography. The chromatographic peaks may be an evidence of multiple subunits of this enzyme. Therefore, the oil of Chromolaena odorata possessed antimicrobial activity and its ability to inhibit extracellular protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa will be a possible source of nutraceuticals for clinical purpose.

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The Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 proteome, profiled in the host intestinal environment, reveals major metabolic modifications and increased expression of invasive proteins

Cited by 42 publications

References 61 publications

Analysis of the Proteome of Intracellular Shigella flexneri Reveals Pathways Important for Intracellular Growth

Analysis of the Proteome of Intracellular Shigella flexneri Reveals Pathways Important for Intracellular Growth

Proteomic Analyses of Intracellular Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Reveal Extensive Bacterial Adaptations to Infected Host Epithelial Cells

Antimicrobial Assay for the Volatile Oils of Chromolaena odorata and its Inhibition against the Partially Purified and Characterized Extracellular Protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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