The <i>viviparous8</i> mutation delays vegetative phase change and accelerates the rate of seedling growth in maize

Mulenga, Evans; Poethig, R. Scott

doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1997.12040769.x

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Recessive, lossof-function gl15 mutations partially transform the epidermis of juvenile leaves into an adult epidermis (Evans et al, 1994;Moose and Sisco, 1994) but have no other obvious effects on leaf morphology or shoot development. This phenotype, and genetic evidence indicating that gl15 acts downstream of the Tp genes, Cg (Evans et al, 1994;Moose and Sisco, 1994), vp8 (Evans and Poethig, 1997), and the gibberellins (Evans and Poethig, 1995), indicate that gl15 functions late in the pathway that promotes juvenile development. gl15 is predicted to encode a protein with a domain that is nearly identical to the putative DNA binding domain of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis (Moose and Sisco, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…However, these mutations do not significantly affect the onset of the adult vegetative phase (Poethig, 1988) and, at least in the case of Tp1 and Tp2, do not affect the duration of shoot growth or reproductive competence (Bassiri et al, 1992). vp8 (Evans and Poethig, 1997) and GA-deficient mutations (Evans and Poethig, 1995) delay both vegetative and reproductive phase change, but they have relatively subtle effects on these transitions compared with epc mutations. Therefore, the dramatic effect of epc mutations on vegetative and reproductive phase change is unusual, and suggests that this gene plays a crucial role in the regulation of shoot maturation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genes that promote the juvenile-toadult transition are defined by recessive loss-of-function mutations that prolong the expression of juvenile traits and delay the appearance of adult traits. This class includes the gibberellin (GA)-deficient dwarf ( an1 , d1 , d3 , and d5 ) (Evans and Poethig, 1995) and vivaparous8 ( vp8 ) (Evans and Poethig, 1997) genes. Genes that promote juvenile development have been defined primarily by dominant gain-of-function mutations that prolong the expression of juvenile traits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The early phase change Gene in Maize

et al. 2002

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Recessive mutations of the early phase change ( epc ) gene in maize affect several aspects of plant development. These mutations were identified initially because of their striking effect on vegetative phase change. In certain genetic backgrounds, epc mutations reduce the duration of the juvenile vegetative phase of development and cause early flowering, but they have little or no effect on the number of adult leaves. Except for a transient delay in leaf production during germination, mutant plants initiate leaves at a normal rate both during and after embryogenesis. Thus, the early flowering phenotype of epc mutations is explained completely by their effect on the expression of the juvenile phase. The observation that epc mutations block the rejuvenation of leaf primordia in excised shoot apices supports the conclusion that epc is required for the expression of juvenile traits. This phenotype suggests that epc functions normally to promote the expression of the juvenile phase of shoot development and to suppress the expression of the adult phase and that floral induction is initiated by the transition to the adult phase. epc mutations are epistatic to the gibberellin-deficient mutation dwarf1 and interact additively with the dominant gain-of-function mutations Teopod1 , Teopod2 , and Teopod3 . Genetic backgrounds that enhance the mutant phenotype of epc demonstrate that, in addition to its role in phase change, epc is required for the maintenance of the shoot apical meristem, leaf initiation, and root initiation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The early phase change Gene in Maize

et al. 2002

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“…Because pla1 is considered to function throughout the adult vegetative phase, it would not specify directly the end of vegetative phase. Recently, the viviparous8 (vp8) mutation of maize was shown to increase the rate of leaf initiation early in shoot development and to prolong the juvenile vegetative phase (Evans and Poethig, 1997). In vp8 plants, the juvenile-to-adult phase change is delayed, but the end of the adult phase is not affected, which results in a truncated adult phase and normal reproductive organs.…”

Section: Discussion Pla1 Is a Unique Heterochronic Mutationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, in maize, Tp and vp8 mutations are estimated to prolong the juvenile phase but not to affect the onset of reproductive development (Lawson and Poethig, 1995;Evans and Poethig, 1997). Accordingly, in plants, vegetative and reproductive phases are independently regulated, resulting in the coexistence of vegetative and reproductive programs due to the extension of the vegetative phase in pla1 mutant.…”

Section: Independent Regulation Of Embryonic Vegetative and Reprodumentioning

confidence: 99%

A Recessive Heterochronic Mutation, plastochron1, Shortens the Plastochron and Elongates the Vegetative Phase in Rice

et al. 1998

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We describe two recessive alleles of a rice heterochronic gene, plastochron1-1 ( pla1-1 ) and pla1-2 , that reduce the length of the plastochron to approximately half that of the wild type. Because the onset of the reproductive phase in pla1 was not temporally affected, the number of leaves produced in the vegetative phase was nearly twice that produced in the wild type. Panicle development was severely disturbed in pla1 mutants. In pla1-1 , many primordia of primary rachis branches were converted into vegetative shoots. These ectopic shoots repeated the initiation of panicle development and the conversion of primary rachis branches into shoots. In the weak allele pla1-2 , however, only the basal one or two primordia developed as vegetative shoots, and the remaining primordia developed to produce a truncated panicle. These results indicate that both vegetative and reproductive programs are expressed simultaneously during the reproductive phase of pla1 ; however, the degree varied depending on the strength of the allele. Accordingly, pla1 is a heterochronic mutation that extends the vegetative period. The shoot apical meristem of pla1 was larger than that of the wild type, although the shape was not modified. An in situ hybridization experiment using the histone H4 gene as a probe revealed that cell divisions are accelerated in the pla1 meristem. The PLA1 gene is considered to regulate the duration of the vegetative phase by controlling the rate of leaf production in the meristem. INTRODUCTIONPlant development generally is divided into four distinct phases: embryogenesis, early vegetative phase (juvenile phase), late vegetative phase (adult phase), and reproductive phase (Conway and Poethig, 1993). In almost all plant species, two phase changes are recognized easily by the distinct morphological changes that occur in plants from the embryonic phase to the juvenile vegetative phase and from the adult vegetative phase to the reproductive phase. A clear change between the juvenile and adult vegetative phases has been reported for English ivy, maize, and Arabidopsis (Hackett, 1985;Zimmerman et al., 1985;Poethig, 1988Poethig, , 1990 Lawson and Poethig, 1995;Telfer et al., 1997). However, in several species including rice, the phase change from juvenile to adult is not clear because it is continuous and is not accompanied by gross visible changes.Whatever the case may be, the plant life cycle is driven by phase-specific genetic programs that are partially overlapping (Bongard-Pierce et al., 1996). Mutations that delay or advance phase change have been reported for several plant species. Late-flowering mutants can be interpreted as prolonging the vegetative phase and delaying the reproductive phase. Recently, using trichome distribution or epidermal characters as phase-specific markers, researchers have described several late-flowering and dwarf mutations that prolong the juvenile phase (Evans and Poethig, 1995;Telfer et al., 1997).Heterochronic mutations affecting the timing of developmental events may be of major sig...

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