The <i>Xanthomonas</i> type III effector XopAP prevents stomatal closure by interfering with vacuolar acidification

Liu, Longyu; Liu, Ying; Xu, Zhi-Hong; Chen, Huan; Zhang, Jingyi; Manion, Brittany; Liu, Fengquan; Zou, Lifang; Fu, Zheng Qing; Chen, Gongyou

doi:10.1111/jipb.13344

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The beneficial rhizobacteria Bacillus proteolyticus OSUB18 and Bacillus cereus EC9 triggered induced systemic resistance and callose deposition in host plants to protect against pathogens ( Pazarlar et al., 2022 ; Yang et al., 2023 ). However, pathogen effectors, such as RxRL3 being secreted by the plant-damaging oomycete Phytophthora brassicae , SECP8 by citrus Huanglongbing bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and XopAP by rice bacterial blight Xanthomonas oryzae , could hamper callose formation ( Tomczynska et al., 2020 ; Liu et al., 2022 ; Shen et al., 2022 ). The Avr2-Six5 effector pair of Fusarium oxysporum increases plasmodesmal size exclusion limit to facilitate intercellular movement of Avr2 by an unknown mechanism independent of callose deposition ( Cao et al., 2018 ; Blekemolen et al., 2022 ).…”

Section: Diverse Role Of Callose Function In Plant Development and De...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The multifarious role of callose and callose synthase in plant development and environment interactions

Li,

Lin,

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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Callose is an important linear form of polysaccharide synthesized in plant cell walls. It is mainly composed of β-1,3-linked glucose residues with rare amount of β-1,6-linked branches. Callose can be detected in almost all plant tissues and are widely involved in various stages of plant growth and development. Callose is accumulated on plant cell plates, microspores, sieve plates, and plasmodesmata in cell walls and is inducible upon heavy metal treatment, pathogen invasion, and mechanical wounding. Callose in plant cells is synthesized by callose synthases located on the cell membrane. The chemical composition of callose and the components of callose synthases were once controversial until the application of molecular biology and genetics in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana that led to the cloning of genes encoding synthases responsible for callose biosynthesis. This minireview summarizes the research progress of plant callose and its synthetizing enzymes in recent years to illustrate the important and versatile role of callose in plant life activities.

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Section: Diverse Role Of Callose Function In Plant Development and De...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The multifarious role of callose and callose synthase in plant development and environment interactions

Li,

Lin,

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Of the PI derivatives, the PI(4,5)P2 level is reduced both in rbl1 and RBL12. Recently, PIP and PIP2 were demonstrated to be involved in plant and animal immunity [33][34][35] . Our results specifically show that PI(4,5)P2 is enriched in the BIC and EIHM (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome editing of a rice CDP-DAG synthase confers multipathogen resistance

Sha

Sun

Kong

et al. 2023

Nature

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The discovery and application of genome editing introduce a new era of plant breeding, giving researchers efficient tools for the precise engineering of crop genomes 1 . Here, we demonstrate the power of genome editing for engineering broad-spectrum disease resistance in rice (Oryza sativa). We first isolated a lesion mimic mutant (LMM) from a mutagenized rice population, demonstrated that a 29-bp deletion in a gene we named RESISTANCE TO BLAST1 (RBL1) caused this phenotype and showed that this mutation caused a ca. 20-fold reduction in yield. RBL1encodes a cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) synthase required for phospholipid biosynthesis 2 . Mutation of RBL1 results in reduced levels of phosphatidylinositol (PI) and its derivative PI(4,5)P2. Rice PI(4,5)P2 is enriched in cellular structures specifically associated with effector secretion and fungal infection, suggesting a role as a disease susceptibility factor 3 . Using targeted mutagenesis, we obtained an allele of RBL1, named RBL12, which confers broad-spectrum resistance but does not decrease yield in a model rice variety as assessed in small-scale field trials. Our study has demonstrated the usefulness of editing of an LMM gene, a strategy relevant to diverse LMM genes and crops. Main textGenome editing has been widely used in functional studies of genes but its potential for crop improvement has not yet been broadly utilized 4 . Plant diseases cause severe losses in agriculture, threatening global food security 5 . Rice blast alone, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, results in annual yield losses that are sufficient to feed more than 60 million people worldwide 6 . Given this cost, cultivating crops with resistance to diseases, particularly broad-spectrum resistance, is highly desirable 7 . Despite the importance of this goal, only a limited number of broad-spectrum resistance genes have been cloned and used in the field, such as rice Xa21 (ref. 8 ), bsr-d1 (ref. 9 ), Pigm 10 , IPA1 (ref. 11 ), ROD1 (ref. 12 ), UMP1 (ref. 13 ), wheat Lr34 (ref. 14 ) and PsIPK1 (ref. 15 ), and barley mlo 16,17 .LMMs form hypersensitive response-like lesions (a form of programmed cell death) in the absence of pathogens 18 . LMMs often confer durable and broad-spectrum resistance, representing a potential source for breeding resistance to diseases. However, LMMs are usually associated with reduced yield, and therefore the use of the genes conferring LMM phenotypes (hereafter referred to as LMM genes) has not been fully exploited in plant breeding due to the lack of useful alleles.Phospholipids are essential components of biological membranes and are involved in various biological processes, including development and response to biotic and abiotic stress 19 . In phospholipid biosynthesis (Extended Data Fig. 1), phosphatidic acid (PA) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) are converted to CDP-DAG by CDP-DAG synthases (CDSs). CDP-DAG and Myo-inositol are used to produce PI by phosphatidylinositol synthases (PISs) 20 . PI is added to by a varied number of p...

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“…Finally, m-PPase may play an important role in resistance to bacterial infections. The Xanthomonas effector XopAP prevents stomatal closure via blockage of vacuolar m-PPase binding to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-biphosphate ( Liu et al, 2022 ). By keeping the stomata open, the infection proceeds.…”

Section: Ppases and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The inorganic pyrophosphatases of microorganisms: a structural and functional review

García-Contreras,

de la Mora,

Mora-Montes

et al. 2024

PeerJ

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Pyrophosphatases (PPases) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi), a byproduct of the synthesis and degradation of diverse biomolecules. The accumulation of PPi in the cell can result in cell death. Although the substrate is the same, there are variations in the catalysis and features of these enzymes. Two enzyme forms have been identified in bacteria: cytoplasmic or soluble pyrophosphatases and membrane-bound pyrophosphatases, which play major roles in cell bioenergetics. In eukaryotic cells, cytoplasmic enzymes are the predominant form of PPases (c-PPases), while membrane enzymes (m-PPases) are found only in protists and plants. The study of bacterial cytoplasmic and membrane-bound pyrophosphatases has slowed in recent years. These enzymes are central to cell metabolism and physiology since phospholipid and nucleic acid synthesis release important amounts of PPi that must be removed to allow biosynthesis to continue. In this review, two aims were pursued: first, to provide insight into the structural features of PPases known to date and that are well characterized, and to provide examples of enzymes with novel features. Second, the scientific community should continue studying these enzymes because they have many biotechnological applications. Additionally, in this review, we provide evidence that there are m-PPases present in fungi; to date, no examples have been characterized. Therefore, the diversity of PPase enzymes is still a fruitful field of research. Additionally, we focused on the roles of H+/Na+ pumps and m-PPases in cell bioenergetics. Finally, we provide some examples of the applications of these enzymes in molecular biology and biotechnology, especially in plants. This review is valuable for professionals in the biochemistry field of protein structure–function relationships and experts in other fields, such as chemistry, nanotechnology, and plant sciences.

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The Xanthomonas type III effector XopAP prevents stomatal closure by interfering with vacuolar acidification

Cited by 14 publications

References 71 publications

The multifarious role of callose and callose synthase in plant development and environment interactions

The multifarious role of callose and callose synthase in plant development and environment interactions

Genome editing of a rice CDP-DAG synthase confers multipathogen resistance

The inorganic pyrophosphatases of microorganisms: a structural and functional review

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