The ice nucleation ability of one of the most abundant types of fungal spores found in the atmosphere

Iannone, R.; Chernoff, D. I.; Pringle, Anne; Martin, Scot T.; Bertram, Allan K.

doi:10.5194/acp-11-1191-2011

Cited by 103 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…(Pouleur et al, 1992). In contrast to those findings is the recent research by Iannone et al (2011) that showed poor ice nucleation ability of Cladosporium spores, with immersion freezing starting at −28.5 • C. This might be due to the spores being coated with hydrophobic proteins that are widespread in filamentous fungi such as Cladosporium sp. Additionally, fungal aerosols are likely to be effective cloud condensation nuclei, but data on behalf of this is still scarce.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 45%

Global fungal spore emissions, review and synthesis of literature data

Sesartić

Dallafior

2011

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. The present paper summarizes fungal spore emission fluxes in different biomes. A literature study has been conducted and emission fluxes have been calculated based on 35 fungal spore concentration datasets. Biome area data has been derived from the World Resource Institute. Several assumptions and simplifications needed to be adopted while aggregating the data: results from different measurement methods have been treated equally, while diurnal and seasonal cycles have been neglected. Moreover flux data were aggregated to very coarse biome areas due to scarcity of data. Results show number fluxes per square meter and second of 194 for tropical and subtropical forests, 203 for all other forests, 1203 for shrub, 2509 for crop, 8 for tundra, and 165 for grassland. No data were found for land ice. The annual mean global fluxes amount to 1.69 × 10 −11 kg m −2 s −1 as the best estimates, and 9.01 × 10 −12 kg m −2 s −1 and 3.28 × 10 −11 kg m −2 s −1 as the low and high estimate, respectively.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 45%

Global fungal spore emissions, review and synthesis of literature data

Sesartić

Dallafior

2011

Biogeosciences

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“…For example, by immersing ice nuclei in water droplets placed on a hydrophobic substrate surface and collecting a series of images at controlled cooling rates, the change in reflectivity and opacity following ice formation can be characterized, and the associated freezing conditions can be identified (e.g., Knopf and Alpert, 2013;Murray et al, 2011). More recently, other optical microscopy techniques coupled with a unique method of encapsulating particles into droplets followed by cooling (Iannone et al, 2011) or using the hydrophobic squalene/water emulsion were introduced to the community. Using a similar approach, substrate-supported cooling studies have been applied to determine the freezing temperature in the contact mode (e.g., Fornea et al, 2009;Niehaus et al, 2014), or of deposition nucleation (e.g., Kanji and Abbatt, 2006;Bingemer et al, 2012;Dymarska et al, 2006).…”

Section: State Of the Art Of In Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, other optical microscopy techniques coupled with a unique method of encapsulating particles into droplets followed by cooling (Iannone et al, 2011) or using the hydrophobic squalene/water emulsion were introduced to the community. Using a similar approach, substrate-supported cooling studies have been applied to determine the freezing temperature in the contact mode (e.g., Fornea et al, 2009;Niehaus et al, 2014), or of deposition nucleation (e.g., Kanji and Abbatt, 2006;Bingemer et al, 2012;Dymarska et al, 2006). The microscopy-coupled substrate-supported freezing devices are advantageous for visualizing the consequences of specific ice nucleation modes in controlled and simulated environments.…”

Section: State Of the Art Of In Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive laboratory study on the immersion freezing behavior of illite NX particles: a comparison of 17 ice nucleation measurement techniques

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Immersion freezing is the most relevant heterogeneous ice nucleation mechanism through which ice crystals are formed in mixed-phase clouds. In recent years, an increasing number of laboratory experiments utilizing a variety of instruments have examined immersion freezing activity of atmospherically relevant ice-nucleating particles. However, an intercomparison of these laboratory results is a difficult task because investigators have used different ice nucleation (IN) measurement methods to produce these results. A remaining challenge is to explore the sensitivity and accuracy of these techniques and to understand how the IN results are potentially influenced or biased by experimental parameters associated with these techniques.Within the framework of INUIT (Ice Nuclei Research Unit), we distributed an illite-rich sample (illite NX) as a representative surrogate for atmospheric mineral dust particles to investigators to perform immersion freezing experiments using different IN measurement methods and to obtain Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. N. Hiranuma et al.: A comparison of 17 IN measurement techniquesIN data as a function of particle concentration, temperature (T ), cooling rate and nucleation time. A total of 17 measurement methods were involved in the data intercomparison. Experiments with seven instruments started with the test sample pre-suspended in water before cooling, while 10 other instruments employed water vapor condensation onto drydispersed particles followed by immersion freezing. The resulting comprehensive immersion freezing data set was evaluated using the ice nucleation active surface-site density, n s , to develop a representative n s (T ) spectrum that spans a wide temperature range (−37 • C < T < −11 • C) and covers 9 orders of magnitude in n s .In general, the 17 immersion freezing measurement techniques deviate, within a range of about 8 • C in terms of temperature, by 3 orders of magnitude with respect to n s . In addition, we show evidence that the immersion freezing efficiency expressed in n s of illite NX particles is relatively independent of droplet size, particle mass in suspension, particle size and cooling rate during freezing. A strong temperature dependence and weak time and size dependence of the immersion freezing efficiency of illite-rich clay mineral particles enabled the n s parameterization solely as a function of temperature. We also characterized the n s (T ) spectra and identified a section with a steep slope between −20 and −27 • C, where a large fraction of active sites of our test dust may trigger immersion freezing. This slope was followed by a region with a gentler slope at temperatures below −27 • C. While the agreement between different instruments was reasonable below ∼ −27 • C, there seemed to be a different trend in the temperature-dependent ice nucleation activity from the suspension and dry-dispersed particle measurements for this mineral dust, in particular at higher temperatures. For instance,...

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“…For the operational conditions described from here on, the background due to container characteristics, water quality and working environment could become an issue at temperatures around −15 • C or lower. The employment of other methods based on different materials and smaller volume quantities is then recommended to investigate colder temperature intervals, simultaneously allowing the detection of higher abundance of ice nucleators with a reduced background (for instance, Iannone et al, 2011).…”

Section: Description Of the Apparatus (Linda)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Freezing nucleation apparatus puts new slant on study of biological ice nucleators in precipitation

et al. 2014

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Abstract. For decades, drop-freezing instruments have contributed to a better understanding of biological ice nucleation and its likely implications for cloud and precipitation development. Yet, current instruments have limitations. Drops analysed on a cold stage are subject to evaporation and potential contamination. The use of closed tubes provides a partial solution to these problems, but freezing events are still difficult to be clearly detected. Here, we present a new apparatus where freezing in closed tubes is detected automatically by a change in light transmission upon ice development, caused by the formation of air bubbles and crystal facets that scatter light. Risks of contamination and introduction of biases linked to detecting the freezing temperature of a sample are then minimized. To illustrate the performance of the new apparatus we show initial results of two assays with snow samples. In one, we repeatedly analysed the sample (208 tubes) over the course of a month with storage at +4 • C, during which evidence for biological ice nucleation activity emerged through an increase in the number of ice nucleators active around −4 • C. In the second assay, we indicate the possibility of increasingly isolating a single ice nucleator from a precipitation sample, potentially determining the nature of a particle responsible for a nucleation activity measured directly in the sample. These two seminal approaches highlight the relevance of this handy apparatus for providing new points of view in biological ice nucleation research.

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The ice nucleation ability of one of the most abundant types of fungal spores found in the atmosphere

Cited by 103 publications

References 97 publications

Global fungal spore emissions, review and synthesis of literature data

Global fungal spore emissions, review and synthesis of literature data

A comprehensive laboratory study on the immersion freezing behavior of illite NX particles: a comparison of 17 ice nucleation measurement techniques

Freezing nucleation apparatus puts new slant on study of biological ice nucleators in precipitation

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