Energy security, or the access to energy at an affordable price, is one of the main problems that humanity faces today and the European Union (EU) has to rely on energy-rich countries for its energy needs. Let us begin with two facts: first, the EU imports 53 per cent of its energy; 1 and second, six EU countries depend 100 per cent on Russia for their gas. 2 Imagine for a moment if any one of the EU's energy suppliers were cut off. Many of the EU's energy suppliers are politically and economically fragile. This makes the EU vulnerable, as we saw in the recent Russia-Ukraine gas disputes. In addition, EU companies pay more for energy than their competitors. All of this has consequences for the EU's economy and quality of life. So, the EU urgently needs to diversify its energy supply. We are not alone in this belief. In February 2015, the European Commission published a communication on the creation of a European Energy Union. 3 This shows the urgency of the energy security problem in the EU. Moreover, the European Innovation Union, the Energy Community, the European Energy Union, 4 and the Europe 2020 initiative address energy security as a priority, but policies seem to be reactive instead of addressing energy security in its complexity. This problem 1