The Identification of Ketamine and Its Metabolites in Biologic Fluids by Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

A simple gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method for the identification of ketamine and its metabolites in urine, blood, serum, and plasma has been developed in order to investigate a coma due to overdose of the drug.

Use of SPE and LC/TIS/MS/MS for rapid detection and quantitation of ketamine and its metabolite, norketamine, in urine

“…2d) of monitoring 228 (M þ H) þ shows fragments at 211, 193, 183, and 129. These fragmentations of ketamine, norketamine and their deuterate analogs in tandem mass were in agreement with chemical ionization (CI) by Kochhar (1977) [10] except for fragments of 125 and 129. The most prominent fragment at 125 for both ketamine and norketamine, and at 129 for both ketamine-d4 and norketamine-d4, means fragments of chlorobenzonium ion and chlorobenzonium-d4 ion appear.…”

“…Whether DNK is a true metabolite of ketamine or an artifact is still being argued. Confirmation tests of ketamine took place by GC/NPD [9],GC/MS and GC/CIMS [10]. The sample was derived with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA) and then was injected into GC/MS [11], HS-SPMEGC/MS [12], LC/UV [13,14] and LC/MS single mass, tandem mass (ion trap) [8] in the past.…”

Quantitative detection of ketamine, norketamine, and dehydronorketamine in urine using chemical derivatization followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…Alternately, we also have tried to detect the three drugs without ChD. The monitored ions were chosen by running the unextracted stock solutions or from the reported articles [17]. The retention times and monitored ions of underivatized KT, NK, and DHNK are listed in Table 1.…”

“…Analysis of KT and/or its demethylated metabolites has been accomplished by high-performance liquid chromatography [8][9][10][11][12] and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods [13]. The analytes were also detected by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection [14,15], nitrogen phosphate detection [16], electron-capture detection [5], or by mass spectrometry detection with derivatization [6] or without derivatization [17][18][19][20][21][22]. Most of the above methods involved liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or solid-phase extraction (SPE) for sample preparation; a method combining solid-phase microextraction and GC-MS has been reported, too [23].…”

GC–MS quantification of ketamine, norketamine, and dehydronorketamine in urine specimens and comparative study using ELISA as the preliminary test methodology

“…More specific methods using mass spectrometer as the detector, i.e. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [6,7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods [18,19], have been reported. More recently, highly specific approaches based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) [20] and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) [21] have also been advocated as effective "screening" methods.…”