“…In order to further improve the prediction accuracy, we optimized the four parameters (e.g., n.trees, interaction.depth, shrinkage, and n.minobsinnode) in the GBM algorithm. According to the reported literature ( Rawi et al, 2017 ; Hu et al, 2020 ), the parameter range was set as follows: n.trees in n{100,150,200,250,300,350,400,450,500}, interaction.depth in d{3,5,7,9}, shrinkage in r{0.01,0.1}, and n.minobsinnode in m{10,20,30,40,50}. The AUROC values were used as the evaluation indicator to obtain the optimal algorithm parameters by the grid search method.…”