The identification of the Indigenous population in Brazil’s official statistics, with an emphasis on demographic censuses

Santos, Ricardo Ventura; Guimarães, Bruno Nogueira; Simoni, Alessandra Traldi; Silva, Leandro Okamoto da; Antunes, Marta; Damasco, Fernando de Souza; Colman, Rosa Sebastiana; Azevedo, Marta Maria do Amaral

doi:10.3233/sji-180471

Cited by 40 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Tribal definition of indigenous membership is recognized by these governments for all formal claims. Other countries, such as the situation Santos [4] describes in Brazil, impose definitions for Indigeneity in official statistics and while forward steps have been made, including efforts to meet international recommendations for measuring Indigeneity, forward steps illuminate more specifically where gaps and questions could lead to improved measures and better probes.…”

Section: Indigenous Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data about identity vary over time [1,[4][5][6] because definitions and participation have varied. This makes it difficult, for example, to compare US Census data on American Indians before 1960 since it was not a category marker until that time.…”

Section: Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Latin America remains uneven in including and defining Indigenous people in census data and also has different definitions over time even when measuring Indigenous people (e.g. by skin color or use of Indigenous language) [4]. Comparisons rely on the quality of instrumentation, or how something is measured.…”

Section: Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Identification of Indigenous peoples follow parallel themes mentioned in the papers of this journal and follows a colonial legacy. As noted in Brazil, Indigenous people in much of the 20 th century were considered legally incompetent, requiring "tutela" or legal guardianship [4]. Similarly, it took nearly 200 years for US Indians to be able to vote and once suffrage occurred, the process of abridgement was required [17].…”

Section: Recognition and Political Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this issue we learn the challenges faced by Brazil for Indigenous people in the official statistics. Brazil had the longest period of colonization and some of the least reliable basic census measures [4]. Census data, demography that describes the whole population in a comprehensive cross section is complicated by definition, outreach, power, and limitation.…”

Section: Land Claims and Identity Affiliated By People Of A Placementioning

confidence: 99%

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Indigenous identity: Summary and future directions

Jacobs¹

2019

SJI

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Indigenous people are distinct groups where a larger population grown up around their original place exerts political dominion over the original people. Statistical measures formulated as data are foundational to public decision making. In this journal issue on Indigenous identity, historic and contemporary circumstances reveal how measurement and lived experience translates into data. Examples represent global Indigenous diversity. Key themes examined are 1) operational definitions 2) why selecting what to measure and how to measure is relevant to Indigenous meaning as well as to serve with reasonable utility as subgroup data 3) invisibility as a common problem for Indigenous people consequent to insufficient measurement methods and political inaction 4) how to understand data comparison and 5) the ways in which political recognition and rights are embedded in measurement strategy. Identity rooted in a place shaped Indigenous culture just as evolutionary biology shaped Indigenous people's physical traits. Accordingly, Indigenous identity involves land claims, jurisdictional reach, and restitution. Agreements and tensions affect individuals. Therefore, Indigenous identity is individual and collective. Some governments recognize Indigenous communities with different legal instruments and engage Indigenous in varying degrees with a government to government approach. Other governments impose definitions and data frameworks from the state on to its Indigenous population. The UN Declaration supports Indigenous people self-determination across a range of domains but most particularly about inclusion and exclusion criteria for belonging to a group. There are different ways inclusion or membership is assessed by an Indigenous group, however, all use some measure to ascertain ancestry. Unique to this collection of papers, is the predominance of people who belong to Indigenous communities and those who have worked within our communities over time which we propose is the best step to achieve useful Indigenous data.

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Section: Indigenous Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recognition and Political Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Land Claims and Identity Affiliated By People Of A Placementioning

confidence: 99%

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Indigenous identity: Summary and future directions

Jacobs¹

2019

SJI

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Indigenous migration patterns in Brazil based on the 2010 national demographic census: analysis and critical reflection

et al. 2021

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Research in several Latin American countries points to violence, loss of traditional territories, and seeking education, health, and wage labor as key variables in triggering rural–urban migration among Indigenous people. This study presents an analysis of the migration patterns of Indigenous people in Brazil, compared to non-indigenous people, based on data from the most recent national census, conducted in 2010. Migration characteristics related to lifetime migration and recent migration were investigated by means of descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses. The findings pointed to complex mobility scenarios according to migrants’ Indigenous status and geographical regions of origin and destination. Indigenous people living in urban areas presented high levels of mobility (approximately 50% lived in different municipalities from those where they were born), which were more pronounced than those of non-Indigenous people. Indigenous people living in rural areas presented the lowest levels of migration (approximately 90% residing in their municipality of birth). Statistical modeling confirmed the patterns observed in descriptive analysis, highlighting the marked mobility of Indigenous subjects in urban areas. We emphasize the limitations of using census data for characterizing Indigenous mobility profiles, although no other nationally representative data are available. The finding that the Indigenous population living in urban areas presents rates of migration higher than their non-Indigenous counterparts is particularly important for the planning and implementation of a broad range of public policies aimed at ethnic minorities in the country, including health, education, and housing initiatives.

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