The immediate and long time effects of classical and popular phonograph selections.

Exposure effects on music preference and recognition

“…After the last repetition, most subjects declared "that the aesthetic effect is improved by hearing the music repeatedly" (p. 474). This frequency-affect relation has been confirmed in many subsequent studies (Gilliland & Moore, 1924;Heingartner & Hall, 1974;Johnson, Kim, & Risse, 1985;Krugman, 1943;Lieberman & Walters, 1968;Moore, 1914;Mull, 1957;Verveer, Barry, & Bousfield, 1933;Washburn, Child, & Abel, 1927;Wilson, 1979; but see Brickman, Redfield, Harrison, &Crandall, 1972, andHeyduk, 1975, for negative results) for a large variety of music. Mere exposure effects on affect judgments have been obtained with classical music (both tonal and atonal: see, e.g., Gilliland & Moore, 1924;Mull, 1957),jazz (see, Copyright 1998 Psychonomic Society, Inc. 884 e.g., Verveer et aI., 1933), Korean (Johnson et aI., 1985), and Pakistani (Heingartner & Hall, 1974) music, as well as random tone sequences (Wilson, 1979).…”

Play it again Sam: Repeated exposure to emotionally evocative music polarises liking and smiling responses, and influences other affective reports, facial EMG, and heart rate

“…A number of music studies have assessed exposure effects (e.g., Coppock, 1978;Gilliland & Moore, 1924;Hargreaves, 1984;Heyduk, 1975;Meyer, 1903;Szpunar, Schellenberg, & Pliner, 2004;Verveer, Barry, & Bousfield, 1933;Washburn, Child, & Abel, 1927), and music liking and recognition have been largely distinguished as implicit and explicit forms of memory that are influenced by exposure (Peretz, Gaudreau, & Bonnel, 1998). However, only two studies have*indirectly*examined how music differing in initial affective qualities impacted emotional judgements to the music after repeated exposures.…”

The computer as experimenter in social psychological research

“…Although this research dates back to theoretical propositions advanced by Fechner (1876) and a sizable body of research done in the early part of this century (e.g., Gilliland & Moore, 1924;Maslow, 1937;Pepper, 1919;Valentine, 1914;Verveer, Barry, & Bousfield, 1933;Washburn, Child, & Abel, 1927), the current interest in the area has been largely stimulated by an impressive recent monograph by Zajonc (1968). Zajonc contended that repeated exposure of a novel stimulus was a sufficient condition for enhancement of one's attitude toward that stimulus.…”