The Immune Activity of PT-Peptide Derived from Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor of the Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus Is Enhanced when Encapsulated in Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

Abstract

PT-peptide is derived from the anti-lipopolysaccharide factor of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. The peptide, consisting of 34 amino acids, contains a lipopolysaccharide binding domain. In this study, we investigated the effect of PT-peptide encapsulated in raw milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), designated as EVs-PT peptide, on immune regulation. The results showed that raw milk-derived EVs efficaciously delivered the PT-peptide into monocytes and elevated immune activity, including reactive oxygen species level, superoxide anion production, and phagocytosis. PT-peptide and EVs-PT peptide also elevated the secretion of cytokines, such as interferon-γ, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in human monocytic THP-1 cells. These results suggest that the PT-peptide could be developed as an immune stimulator.

An In Vitro System Mimics the Intestinal Microbiota of Striped Beakfish (Oplegnathus fasciatus) and Inhibits Vibrio alginolyticus by Limosilactobacillus reuteri-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

“…EVs exhibit the potential for encapsulating and transporting different cargo, including proteins, peptides, enzymes, RNA, and DNA. Various organisms (i.e., microorganisms, plants, and animals) secrete EVs, thereby interacting with each other through the exchange of EVs-contained cargo to regulate target gene expression [ 15 , 35 ]. In the past, we have reported that LAB-derived EVs possess the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria [ 9 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Tomato-fruit-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit Fusobacterium nucleatum via lipid-mediated mechanism

“…Tomato-derived EV were isolated by an ultracentrifugation protocol, as described in our previous study with modification. 4,10,18 Tomato samples (Solanum lycopersicum L., cultivar Jade Girl) were purchased from the market in Tainan City of Taiwan. Tomatoes (1 kg) were homogenized in a highspeed blender for 30 seconds, the resulting juice was collected after filtration through a net filter, and then the centrifugation was carried out under the following conditions: 1000g (10 min, 4 °C), 2000g (20 min, 4 °C), 4000g (30 min, 4 °C), and 10 000g (60 min, 4 °C).…”

“…2,3 In a previous study, we used EV isolated from milk to encapsulate active peptides for improving immunity. 4 Plantderived exosome-like nanovesicles exhibit anti-inflammatory and tumor growth inhibitory properties, nanovesicles isolated from ginger demonstrate the capability to suppress the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and offer potential preventive effects against inflammatory bowel disease. 5,6 Corn-derived nanoparticles have anti-colon cancer activity.…”

Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Transporters

“…Furthermore, the catalytic activity of the catalase-loaded EVs prepared by different methods followed the same listed order. An analogous procedure was carried out to load the EVs with peptides composed of 34 amino acids [ 50 ]. Among the mentioned conditions, only the incubation time at room temperature was extended to 2 h. The method showed satisfactory results over various EV sizes (26 to 295 nm).…”