The Immune Modulator FTY720 Targets Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors

Abstract

Immunosuppressant drugs such as cyclosporin have allowed widespread organ transplantation, but their utility remains limited by toxicities, and they are ineffective in chronic management of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In contrast, the immune modulating drug FTY720 is efficacious in a variety of transplant and autoimmune models without inducing a generalized immunosuppressed state and is effective in human kidney transplantation. FTY720 elicits a lymphopenia resulting from a reversible redistribution of lymphocytes from circulation to secondary lymphoid tissues by unknown mechanisms. Using FTY720 and several analogs, we show now that FTY720 is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase; the phosphorylated compound is a potent agonist at four sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors and represents the therapeutic principle in a rodent model of multiple sclerosis. Our results suggest that FTY720, after phosphorylation, acts through sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling pathways to modulate chemotactic responses and lymphocyte trafficking.FTY720 is derived from ISP-1 (myriocin), a fungal metabolite that is an eternal youth nostrum in traditional Chinese herbal medicine (1). The compound (2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]propane-1,3-diol) is a novel, high potency immune modulating agent that is remarkably effective in a variety of autoimmune and transplant models including islet transplantation (2) and has recently proven to be effective in renal transplantation in man (3). Unlike the currently used immunosuppressive agents (e.g. the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin and tacrolimus), FTY720 does not inhibit T cell activation and proliferation and in rodent models does not impair immunity to systemic viral infection (4). If confirmed in man, the latter property provides a striking advantage over current immunosuppressive therapies. FTY720 apparently sequesters lymphocytes from circulation to secondary lymph tissue compartments (5) with concomitant reduction of specific effector T cells recirculating from the lymph nodes to inflamed peripheral tissues (4) and graft sites (6). FTY720 does not act via the lymphocytehoming chemokine receptor CCR-7 because FTY720 is active both in CCR-7-deficient mice and plt (paucity of lymph node T cells) mice, which lack CCR-7 ligands (CCL-19 and CCL-21) (7).FTY720-induced lymphocyte homing is sensitive to suppression by pertussis toxin (6 -8), which suggests that the molecular target of the drug is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) 1 interacting with heterotrimeric G proteins of the ␣ i/o type. The affected GPCR(s) is on the lymphocyte since fluorescently labeled lymphocytes treated with pertussis toxin ex vivo and transferred to mice are not depleted by FTY720 in vivo (8). The structural similarity of FTY720 and sphingosine has prompted speculation that the drug might act via the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor S1P 4 (formerly 2 that is known to be expressed by lymphocytes (9). S1P is a pleiotropic lysophospholipid mediator; the prominent cellular responses to applied S...

Design and Synthesis of Selective and Potent Orally Active S1P5 Agonists

“…[1,2] FTY720-P activates sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors S1P1, S1P3, S1P4, and S1P5 at low nanomolar concentrations and is inactive toward the S1P2 receptor.[1] The FTY720-P-mediated activation of the S1P1 receptor on lymphocytes induces receptor internalization, which attenuates T-cell response to S1P gradients, preventing their egress from secondary lymphoid tissues. [3] In addition to playing a role in the immune system, all S1P receptors except S1P4 are also found differentially expressed in the central nervous system [4] and on various tumor cell types.…”

“…[1,2] FTY720-P activates sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors S1P1, S1P3, S1P4, and S1P5 at low nanomolar concentrations and is inactive toward the S1P2 receptor.…”

“…[1,2] FTY720-P activates sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors S1P1, S1P3, S1P4, and S1P5 at low nanomolar concentrations and is inactive toward the S1P2 receptor. [1] The FTY720-P-mediated activation of the S1P1 receptor on lymphocytes induces receptor internalization, which attenuates T-cell response to S1P gradients, preventing their egress from secondary lymphoid tissues.…”

Discovery of BAF312 (Siponimod), a Potent and Selective S1P Receptor Modulator

“…7 FTY720 is phosphorylated in vivo by sphingosine kinase to the active metabolite FTY720-phosphate ( Figure 1). 8,9 The latter binds with nanomolar affinity as an agonist at four of the five S1P receptors, namely, S1P 1 , S1P 3 , S1P 4 , and S1P 5 . 8,9 Interestingly, FTY720-phosphate was shown to elicit its immunosuppressive effect through functionally antagonizing S1P 1 signaling pathway.…”

“…8,9 The latter binds with nanomolar affinity as an agonist at four of the five S1P receptors, namely, S1P 1 , S1P 3 , S1P 4 , and S1P 5 . 8,9 Interestingly, FTY720-phosphate was shown to elicit its immunosuppressive effect through functionally antagonizing S1P 1 signaling pathway. 10,11 It induces rapid and persistent internalization of the S1P 1 receptor that is required for lymphocyte egress from the secondary lymphoid organs.…”