The Immunomodulating Properties of Tiger Milk Medicinal Mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus TM02® Cultivar (Agaricomycetes) and Its Associated Carbohydrate Composition

Sum, Alvin Yap Chee; Li, Xiaojie; Yeng, Yeannie Yap Hui; Razif, Muhammad Fazril Mohamad; Jamil, Amira Hajirah Abd; Ting, Ng Szu; Seng, Tan Chon; Cheung, Peter Chi Keung; Fung, Shin-Yee

doi:10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2020035658

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The major constituent of carbohydrates in the cold water extract was mainly glucose, which makes up the glucans in linear polysaccharides with 1,4-linkage. On the other hand, methanol extract consisted mainly of secondary metabolites (terpenoids) with no detectable level of proteins ( 23 , 28 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our previous study, we reported that HMM extract contained the highest amount of carbohydrates and proteins, without detectable level of β-glucans, suggesting the existence of polysaccharide-protein complexes in the fraction. Our group reported that HMM extract contained the glycosidic linkage (1,3,6-Glcp) in the prospective polysaccharide-protein complexes ( 28 ). On the other hand, LMM extract had a lower amount of carbohydrates with very few proteins, but higher number of secondary metabolites such as phenolics and terpenoids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MMM extract had a moderate amount of the macromolecules and secondary metabolites. It contained highly branched glucans with mixed linkages including 1,4,6-, 1,3,6- and 1,2,4,6-Glcp ( 28 , 29 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A previous work done using wild type L. rhinocerus revealed a novel water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complex that could potentially be immunomodulatory agent for cancer immunotherapy ( 34 ). Sum et al ( 28 ) have reported that L. rhinocerus TM02® regulated the release of several cytokines/chemokines which are associated with tumourigenesis by RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, in particular the MIP2 and TIMP1. We proceeded to question if TM02® also demonstrated comparable immunomodulating properties in oral cancer in addition to its selective antiproliferative property.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunomodulatory Effect and an Intervention of TNF Signalling Leading to Apoptotic and Cell Cycle Arrest on ORL-204 Oral Cancer Cells by Tiger Milk Mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus

Yap

Kong

Yap

et al. 2021

Food Technol. Biotechnol. (Online)

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Research background. Tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) is a medicinal mushroom that is geographically distributed in the region of South China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea. Consumption of its sclerotium has been reported to treat various ailments. However, its anticancer potential towards oral cancer cell lines is yet to be discovered considering its traditional method of consumption by biting/chewing of the sclerotium. Experimental approach. Mushroom sclerotial powder of cultivar TM02® was extracted and fractionated by a Sephadex G-50 chromatographic column prior to cytotoxicity testing against a panel of human oral cancer cell lines. The capability of the identified bioactive fraction in regulating several molecules associated with its TNF pathway was investigated. Results and conclusions. MTT proliferation assay indicated that ORL-48 (derived from gingiva), ORL-188 (derived from the tongue), and ORL-204 (derived from buccal mucosa) were inhibited by L. rhinocerus sclerotial cold water extract and its high-molecular-mass fraction (HMM) in varying degree with ORL-204 being most affected. Hence, HMM treatment on ORL-204 was further investigated. HMM induced apoptosis and G0/G1-phase cell cycle arrest through caspase-3/7 cleavage. Activities of MIP2 and COX-2 were downregulated by 0.2- and 4.6-fold respectively in the HMM-treated ORL-204 cells. Novelty and scientific contribution. Using ORL-204, it revealed that HMM may have intervened via the TNF pathway at various network sites in its manifestation as a potential dietary compound for cancer prevention and natural adjunct therapeutic to conventional cancer treatment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunomodulatory Effect and an Intervention of TNF Signalling Leading to Apoptotic and Cell Cycle Arrest on ORL-204 Oral Cancer Cells by Tiger Milk Mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus

Yap

Kong

Yap

et al. 2021

Food Technol. Biotechnol. (Online)

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“…L. rhinocerus was reported to immunomodulate by increasing cytokines (IL-5, IL-6, and MIP-2) expression in RAW 264.7 cells conceivably through the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways [ 115 , 116 , 119 ]. Both signaling pathways have been implicated in corneal epithelial wound healing, scratch injury, and cutaneous wound healing [ 120–125 ].…”

Section: Tiger Milk Mushroommentioning

confidence: 99%

The Wound Healing Potential of Lignosus rhinocerus and Other Ethno-myco Wound Healing Agents

et al. 2023

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Wound care has become increasingly important over the years. Various synthetic products for wound care treatment have been reported to cause toxic side effects and therefore natural products are in significant demand as they have minimal side effects. The presence of bioactive compounds in medicinal mushrooms contributes to various biological activities which assist in the early inflammatory phase, keratinocyte proliferation, and its migration enhancement which are pertinent to wound rehabilitation. Lignosus rhinocerus (tiger milk mushroom) can reduce the inflammation phase in wound healing by fighting off bacterial infection and modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in the early stage to avoid prolonged inflammation and tissue damage. The antibacterial, immunomodulating, and anti-inflammatory activities exhibited by most macrofungi play a key role in enhancing wound healing. Several antibacterial and antifungal compounds sourced from traditional botanicals/products may prevent further complications and reoccurrence of injury to a wounded site. Scientific studies are actively underway to ascertain the potential use of macrofungi as a wound healing agent.

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Medicinal Mushrooms for Respiratory Health

Booi

Lee

Ting

et al. 2023

Mushrooms With Therapeutic Potentials

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The Immunomodulating Properties of Tiger Milk Medicinal Mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus TM02® Cultivar (Agaricomycetes) and Its Associated Carbohydrate Composition

Cited by 11 publications

References 37 publications

Immunomodulatory Effect and an Intervention of TNF Signalling Leading to Apoptotic and Cell Cycle Arrest on ORL-204 Oral Cancer Cells by Tiger Milk Mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus

Immunomodulatory Effect and an Intervention of TNF Signalling Leading to Apoptotic and Cell Cycle Arrest on ORL-204 Oral Cancer Cells by Tiger Milk Mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus

The Wound Healing Potential of Lignosus rhinocerus and Other Ethno-myco Wound Healing Agents

Medicinal Mushrooms for Respiratory Health

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