The Immunomodulatory effects of Zingiber officinale (Ginger): A Systematic Review

Abstract

Recently, the available synthetic drugs to treat immune related diseases have been reported to produce many side effects to the consumer. For instance, corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation during infection but able to cause adverse effects such as bruising, muscle weakness, pathologic fractures, weight gain and sleep disturbances. As an alternative for a safer alternative for preventive and treatment agents with low risk of side effect, Zingiber officinale which is known as ginger or ‘halia’ in Malaysia has a good prospect. It is because this herb is used as traditional medicine among community to treat several ailments, including immune and infectious diseases. Several studies have shown that crude extracts and bioactive components of Z. officinale possessed diverse pharmacological properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and immunomodulatory. The objective of this research is to find out the effects of Z. officinale on the immunomodulatory activities from the selected previous studies from year 2000 to 2020. Briefly, this study involves 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that determined immunomodulatory activities of Z. officinale. The results of systematic analysis showed that Z. officinale exhibits immunomodulatory activities for both in vitro and in vivo evaluations. However, some limitation should be aware with the detailed reporting on the controls used in the included studies. Future well-designed RCTs with detailed reporting on the controls are required for providing additional data to prove the consequences of Z. officinale on the immunomodulatory as well as safety data of consuming this plant.

Preferred medicinal plants during the COVID-19 pandemic period: Microbiological quality of herbal teas obtained from these plants

“…Accordingly, it was noted that the preference rates of linden, sage and marsh mallow decreased significantly, while the preference rates of ginger, turmeric, thyme, galangal, olive leaf, black cumin, agarwood, carob, pine cone and hibiscus increased. While plants were generally used to reduce the symptoms of the common cold before the pandemic, it can be said that plants that strengthen the immune system started to be preferred in order to prevent COVID-19 during the pandemic period [13][14][15][16][17][18]. Therefore, plants such as linden, sage and marsh mallow were replaced by other plants such as ginger, turmeric and thyme.…”

Immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of the extracts and secondary compounds of Zingiber and Alpinia species: a review

“… Qian et al (2023) demonstrated that a ginger polysaccharide, UGP1; reduced tumor proliferation in tumor-bearing mice; raised the p53 expression and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2; enhanced proinflammatory cytokine secretion, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6; and decreased the secretion of pro-tumor cytokines TGF-β and bFGF in serum. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Z. officinale decreased the inflammatory cell infiltration around the airways and decreased the elevated levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in the lungs and BALF of BALB/c mice compared to methylprednisolone as a control group (Khan et al, 2015; Harun and Mohamad, 2022 ). In another in vivo study, 6-gingerol in phosphate-buffered saline reduced IL-17 infiltration from the peripheral blood into the central nervous system, as well as neuroinflammation and demyelination ( Han et al, 2019 ; Harun and Mohamad, 2022 ).…”

“…The ethanol and aqueous extracts of Z. officinale decreased the inflammatory cell infiltration around the airways and decreased the elevated levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in the lungs and BALF of BALB/c mice compared to methylprednisolone as a control group (Khan et al, 2015; Harun and Mohamad, 2022 ). In another in vivo study, 6-gingerol in phosphate-buffered saline reduced IL-17 infiltration from the peripheral blood into the central nervous system, as well as neuroinflammation and demyelination ( Han et al, 2019 ; Harun and Mohamad, 2022 ). In Albino rats with necrotizing enterocolitis, a whole ginger aqueous extract (1,000 mg/kg/day) lowered IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels ( Cakir et al, 2018 ; Harun and Mohamad, 2022 ).…”

“…A few reviews on the phytochemistry, biology, toxicology, and pharmacology of the Zingiber and Alpinia genus have been published recently ( Arora and Ansari, 2014 ; Zhang et al, 2016 ; Sharifi-Rad et al, 2017 ; Dash et al, 2020 ; Paramita et al, 2021 ; Deng et al, 2022 ; Bitari et al, 2023a ; Bitari et al, 2023b ; Garza-Cadena et al, 2023 ). There are a few reviews on the immunomodulatory effects of Zingiber species, but a comprehensive update and critical analysis of the studies related to these effects are needed ( Harun and Mohamad., 2022 ; Anurag et al, 2022 ; Yücel et al, 2022 ; Ni et al, 2022 ; Thapa et al, 2021 ). Recently, we reported on the immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of Curcuma species and their bioactive compounds ( Yuandani et al, 2021 ).…”

Pelatihan Pembuatan Jamu Milenial untuk Cafe di Wisata Rainbow Garden Poetoek Soeko Trawas Mojokerto

“…Jahe adalah zat antioksidan yang kuat dan dapat mengurangi atau mencegah pembentukan radikal bebas (Wakchaure & Ganguly, 2018). Hasil penelitian berupa systematic review dari 11 penelitian RCT (Randomized Clinical Trial) terkait efektivitas jahe sebagai imunomodulator menunjukkan efek positif baik dari penelitian in vitro maupun in vivo (Hikmah Harun & Firdaus Mohamad, 2022). Kunyit (curcuma longa) dan temulawak (curcuma xanthorrhiza) diketahui mengandung senyawa aktif kurkuminoid (Nurcholis et al, 2015).…”