The Immunomodulatory Potential Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Diseases of the Central Nervous System

Abstract

Introduction: Several studies indicate the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as an important tool in regenerative medicine associated with injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS). The MSCs have the capacity to differentiate into cells of the embryonal tissue, such as the mesoderm. So, these cells can be found in a variety of tissues. Also, the MSCs can release immunomodulatory and neurotrophic factors performance as inflammation mediators operating in injured tissue the regeneration. Furthermore, they can differentiate into neural, like cells in vitro. Thereby, because of the high immunomodulatory role of MSCs, this review sought to describe the main immunomodulatory mechanisms performed by MSCs in CNS recovery after tissue injury or neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: PubMed and ScienceDirect were searched between January 2011 to March 2021 and 43 articles met the criteria of the review. Results: This systematic review indicate that MSCs were used in vivo experimental Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PA), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Ischemic Stroke (IS) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). The treatment MSCs were usually from human origin, derived from bone marrow and administered intravenously. Discussion/Conclusion: It was shown that MSCs, independent from origin or administration pathway, can reduce inflammation and help in the recovery and preservation of injured neural tissue. Thus, the use of MSCs represents a potential therapeutic option in the treatment of neurological disorders mediated by inflammatory processes.

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Repeated Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantations in ALS Patients by Investigating Patients’ Specific Immunological and Biochemical Biomarkers

“…Several studies have shown the importance of stem cell transplantation. MSCs can play a vital role in controlling the immune response through the upregulation of neuroprotective cytokines like IL-10 and downregulating proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1, by releasing neurotropic factors and enhancing neurogenesis [38], and this is the same as for different neurological diseases [39,40]. Others showed that endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) can differentiate directly into a mature neuron or indirectly into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) [41].…”

Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Repeated Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantations in ALS Patients by Investigating Patient's Specific Immunological and Biochemical Biomarkers: A Retrospective study.

“…Several studies have shown the importance of stem cell transplantation. Mesenchyme stem cell MSCs can play a vital role in controlling immune response through the up-regulation of neuroprotective cytokines like IL-10 and down-regulating proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1 by releasing neurotropic factors and enhancing neurogenesis [21], and this is the same note in different neurological disease [22], [23]. Others showed that Endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) can differentiate directly into a mature neuron or indirectly into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) [24], according to a study by Zhang, Qi, et al 2016, Using NSC implantation dramatically led to decline microgliosis and glial markers, proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1) expressions and (TLR4) toll-like receptor 4 [25].…”

Use of Brain-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells and Derived Extracellular Vesicles to Repair Damaged Neural Tissues: Lessons Learned from Connective Tissue Repair Regarding Variables Limiting Progress and Approaches to Overcome Limitations

“…Interestingly, in recent preclinical studies, de Munter et al [ 70 ] reported that bone marrow-derived stem/stromal cells exerted more of an anti-inflammatory effect on neurodegeneration conditions than did anti-inflammatory drugs. Thus, mesenchymal stem cells could have an immunomodulatory role to play in diseases of the brain [ 71 ]. Furthermore, Nebie et al [ 72 ] also recently discussed the potential for extracellular vesicles from platelets to improve neurological disorders.…”