The Immunopathogenesis of Mycoplasma genitalium Infections in Women: A Narrative Review

Dehon, Patricia M.; McGowin, Chris L.

doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000621

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…2009; Unemo and Jensen 2017). Nevertheless, without effective treatment, colonization by M. genitalium may lead to PID, TFI, adverse pregnancy outcomes and low birth weight in infants (Dehon and McGowin 2017). Our study demonstrating an increased rate of M. genitalium infections suggests of the routine screening of M. genitalium in different populations nationwide.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species infection and organism load with cervicitis in north Indian population

Roy

Dadwal

Yadav

et al. 2021

Lett Appl Microbiol

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Cervicitis is predominantly caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, which accounts for almost half of all the cases of cervicitis. The role of newer organisms like Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma sp. and association of bacterial load with cervicitis are also not well established. So the study aimed to determine the relative frequency of these organisms and their load in association with cervicitis cases from north India. A case–control study involving 300 women was conducted using quantitative real‐time PCR from endocervical swabs for identification of organisms and quantification of bacterial load. Among 150 cervicitis cases, C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma parvum were detected in 5 (3·3%), 10 (6·6%), 37(24·6%) and 47 (31·3%) respectively. Old age (<0·001, chi‐squared test) and irregular menstrual cycles (<0·001, chi‐squared test) were significantly associated with cervicitis. M genitalium was the only organism to be associated significantly with cervicitis with regard to age (<0·031) and symptoms like discharge (P < 0·033, chi‐squared test) and dysuria (P < 0·044, chi‐squared test) in multivariate analysis. Our finding suggests that the bacterial load of these organisms is not significantly associated with cervicitis. However, we found significant association of M. genitalium infection with clinical characteristics of cervicitis cases.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species infection and organism load with cervicitis in north Indian population

Roy

Dadwal

Yadav

et al. 2021

Lett Appl Microbiol

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“…The existing evidence between M. genitalium and cervicitis is mostly supportive of a causal association. Elevated proinflammatory cytokines have been demonstrated among women with M. genitalium , with return to baseline levels after clearance of the pathogen ( 917 ) .…”

Section: Mycoplasma Genitaliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021

Workowski¹,

Bachmann²,

Chan³

et al. 2021

MMWR Recomm. Rep.

1,726

2,621

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These guidelines for the treatment of persons who have or are at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were updated by CDC after consultation with professionals knowledgeable in the field of STIs who met in Atlanta, Georgia, June 11-14, 2019. The information in this report updates the 2015 guidelines. These guidelines discuss 1) updated recommendations for treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis; 2) addition of metronidazole to the recommended treatment regimen for pelvic inflammatory disease; 3) alternative treatment options for bacterial vaginosis; 4) management of Mycoplasma genitalium; 5) human papillomavirus vaccine recommendations and counseling messages; 6) expanded risk factors for syphilis testing among pregnant women; 7) one-time testing for hepatitis C infection; 8) evaluation of men who have sex with men after sexual assault; and 9) two-step testing for serologic diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus. Physicians and other health care providers can use these guidelines to assist in prevention and treatment of STIs. BOX 1. The Five P's approach for health care providers obtaining sexual histories: partners, practices, protection from sexually transmitted infections, past history of sexually transmitted infections, and pregnancy intention Additional information about external condoms is available at https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness. Internal CondomsCondoms for internal vaginal use, also known as female condoms, are available worldwide (e.g., the FC2 Female Condom, Reddy condom, Cupid female condom, and Woman's condom) (31,32). Use of internal condoms can provide protection from acquisition and transmission of STIs, although data are limited. Internal condoms are more costly compared with external condoms; however, they offer the advantage of being controlled by the receptive partner as an STI and HIV prevention method, and the newer versions might be acceptable to all persons. Although the internal condom also has been used during receptive anal intercourse, efficacy associated with this practice remains unknown (33). Additional information about the internal condom is available at http://www.ashasexualhealth. org/pdfs/Male_and_Female_Condoms.pdf. Cervical DiaphragmsIn observational studies, diaphragm use has been demonstrated to protect against cervical gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis (34). However, a trial examining the effect of a diaphragm plus lubricant on HIV acquisition among women in Africa reported no additional protective effect when compared with the use of male condoms alone. Likewise, no difference by study arm in the rate of acquisition of chlamydia, gonorrhea, or herpes occurred (35,36). Diaphragms should not be relied on as the sole source of protection against HIV and other STIs.

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“…Although pathogen persistence could indicate long-term colonization of the female genital tract, McGowin et al [33] demonstrated that persistent M. genitalium elicits chronic inflammatory cytokine secretion in endocervical epithelial cells, even when there are low organism burdens associated with asymptomatic infections. M. genitalium has mechanisms to evade the local immune response and persist over time [34]; thus, chronic inflammation in the upper female genital tract can result in pelvic inflammatory disease, endometritis, and tubal-factor infertility.…”

Section: Clearance and Persistence Of M Genitalium Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Silent Epidemic: The Prevalence, Incidence and Persistence of Mycoplasma genitalium Among Young, Asymptomatic High-Risk Women in the United States

Seña

Lee

Schwebke

et al. 2018

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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The Immunopathogenesis of Mycoplasma genitalium Infections in Women: A Narrative Review

Cited by 19 publications

References 27 publications

Association of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species infection and organism load with cervicitis in north Indian population

Association of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma species infection and organism load with cervicitis in north Indian population

Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021

A Silent Epidemic: The Prevalence, Incidence and Persistence of Mycoplasma genitalium Among Young, Asymptomatic High-Risk Women in the United States

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