“…In the context of university education, research on study abroad has found a number of positive outcomes that refl ect the previous list of competencies. For example, compared with students who have not studied abroad, students who study abroad have greater knowledge and understanding of other cultures (Bates, 1997;Hutchins, 1996;Williams, 2005), are better able to identify with people from other cultures (Drews & Meyer, 1996), are more fl exible and adaptable (Black & Duhon, 2006;Willard-Holt, 2001), are better able to recognize and appreciate cultural diff erences (Bates, 1997;Hutchins, 1996), are more emotionally resilient and independent (Black & Duhon, 2006), and are more interested in learning about other cultures (Carson & Widaman, 1988;Forgues, 2005;Hadis, 2005;Hutchins, 1996).…”