“…However, the volume of such research is limited in the ELT context ( Borg, 2011 ). Within that small number of studies, the results however were quite mixed, with some reporting stability ( Lamb, 1995 ; Kubanyiova, 2006 ; Sim, 2011 ; Ming, 2019 ), some providing evidence of significant change ( Lamie, 2004 ; Kiely and Davis, 2010 ; Teng, 2016 ; Karimi and Zade, 2018 ; Gorter and Arocena, 2020 ; He and Bagwell, 2022 ), and others identifying different levels of change across individuals ( Tillema and van der Westhuizen, 2006 ; Borg, 2011 ; So, 2013 ; Chaaban, 2016 ; Coburn and Borg, 2022 ). Borg (2011) pointed out that the impact of language teacher education on teachers deserves much more empirical attention as our understanding of the issue remains incipient.…”