The Impact of Biometeorological Conditions on the Perception of Landscape

Abstract

A landscape is part of our daily lives and our perception of its features may significantly impact our quality of life. This article presents the results of research aimed at determining the influence of biometeorological conditions on the way in which we perceive the landscape. An eye tracker was used throughout each season of the year to determine how 52 respondents observed the landscape while taking into consideration whether the landscape had a favorable or unfavorable impact on those same respondents. Additionally, each test was preceded by the completion of a questionnaire intended to assess the mental and physical state of each respondent. The calculated eye movement indexes demonstrated the impact of the biometeorological conditions on their perception of the landscape. Statistically significant differences in their perception of the landscape were ascertained depending on the type of weather and the respondents’ general feeling irrespective of their sex.

Research Progress on the Application of Eye Tracking Technology in Landscape Architecture

“…景观感知是指个体通过视觉、听觉等感 官体验环境后对外界环境的感觉和认知 [36] 。尽 管人类通过多种感官感知空间信息，但视觉 感知占主导地位，人类80%以上的感知都来 自视觉 [37] 。在景观感知研究中，眼动追踪技术 主要被用于探寻城市景观或自然景观等不同 景观类型之间的差异，或同类景观中不同元 素的数量、设计手法对景观感知的影响 [38] 。 3.2.1 景观类型对景观感知特征的影响 国外研究将视觉兴趣区(area of interest, AOI)与主观评价相结合，揭示在不同景观 下人的视觉特征、认知规律及其情感体验。 Półrolniczak等 [39] 发现与积极气象(例如，稳 定的、很少或没有云层覆盖的高压天气)条 件相比，被试者观赏消极气象(遇到大气锋 和低气压系统时引发的一系列天气现象)中 的景观时在AOI上的注视时间、首次注视时 间更长，表明在消极气象中，被试者更专注 于从景观中摄取和处理信息。Zhang等 [40] 发现 被试者在观看林地景观时，视觉行为比观看 水景时更活跃，但对林地景观的主观满意度 却低于水体景观，表明当观看林地时视觉注 意力与主观满意度之间并没有显著相关性。 Sun等 [41] 发现被试者在观看雨打芭蕉的视频时， 对有声视频的注视次数与注视时间比无声视 频更长且主观评价更积极，验证了视听同步 可以诱导视觉注意力。 在国内研究中，注视时间、注视频率、 AOI等眼动指标常用于阐释人对不同类型的 园林景观的布局、设计手法和经典场景的审 美意象，以深入了解人类审美和文化传承 [42] 。 陆邵明等 [43] 发现被试者在观看海派古典园林 景观时，对建筑的注视次数最多，其次为花 木、水景、山石；对建筑的注视时间最长， 其次为景石、植物景观。由于建筑包含文学 信息并具有独特形式，该研究推断建筑信息 量最多，从而验证了视觉注意力与要素的信 息量正相关。李渊等 [44] 发现被试者对大学校 园中的建筑注视频率更高，表明被试者对校 园建筑最感兴趣，而校园特色文化景观的首 次进入AOI时间最短，表明它可以在短时间 内引起被试者的视觉注意。成实等 [45] [46] 发 现被试者在观看采石场照片时，采石场的外 观尺寸与平均首次注视时间负相关，与平均 注视时间比率及平均注视次数比率正相关， 表明外观尺寸增加会导致被试者视觉注意力 减少。Liu等 [47] 发现被试者观看高复杂度景观 的注视次数显著多于低、中复杂度景观，观 看低复杂度景观的平均注视时间高于高复杂 度景观，但注视次数或平均注视时间与偏好 评分之间未发现相关性，表明注视次数与平 均注视时间作为评价偏好性指标的有效性有 待商榷。Gholam等 [48] 发现被试者在城市公园 寻路过程中对景观要素的关注度并不均衡， 人工设施、自然因素和人类活动与行为因素 的平均注视时间占总注视时间百分比分别为 59.12%、20.65%和20.23%，表明该城市公园 的人工设施最吸引被试者的视觉注意力。 在国内研究中，常将眼动热力图、轨迹 图与其他生理指标组建多模态融合模型，记 录并分析人与景观构成要素的情感交互。鲁 苗等 [49] 发现变化的地形与色彩对比强烈的景 观更吸引被试者的视觉注意力，且建筑、植 被、人物比天空、草地受关注度更高。张若 诗等 [11] 对遗址公园景观构成要素进行眼动、 生理电、情感量表等多模态数据分析，发现 与其他要素相比，自然要素获得的注视时间 最长，说明自然要素对被试者持续的吸引力 最强、情感引发的程度最强。李渊等 [50] 发现…”

Assessing landscape aesthetic values: Do clouds in photographs influence people’s preferences?

“…To guarantee comparability across different photographs, studies usually use pictures taken at sunny days, i.e., blue sky [24,25,30]. Weather conditions in the photographs can alter people's preferences, as the degree of cloudiness and the proportion of cloud cover in the sky affect the illumination of the landscape, i.e., the landscape appears darker with less contrast and details and colors are less discernable compared to clear weather conditions [40]. Thus, inclement weather conditions can moderate preferences for waterscapes [41] and associated benefits such as happiness [42].…”

Seasonality and weather condition’s effect on human perception of the urban-rural transitional landscape

“…Moreover, visual perception is shaped by many of the observer's internal features as well as external factors caused by his current environment. Generally, we can point here to internal factors such as experience, age, worldview, education, human culture, intellectual background and many others, while in the group of external factors simultaneously in uencing human senses, the very broadly understood attributes of the landscape [3][4][5][6][7] including weather conditions may be mentioned [8][9][10] .…”