The impact of birth-related injury and pain on breastfeeding outcomes

Abstract

Reasons for premature discontinuation of breastfeeding are complex; a variety of social, psychological and physical factors may contribute to a deviation from a mother's breastfeeding plan. The aim of this research was to investigate how actual experiences of birth and breastfeeding differed from the mother's pre-birth intentions, and any subsequent perceived impact on breastfeeding experience. Data were collected via an online survey of UK-based women (n=1000). Respondents faced a variety of challenges when breastfeeding, including nipple soreness and pain, concerns around milk insufficiency, and birth-related pain which impacted their ability to breastfeed comfortably. Predominantly, birth-related pain made breastfeeding difficult rather than preventing it, however 5% of mothers surveyed cited it as contributing to premature cessation of breastfeeding. Pain relating to birth may be an under-considered factor in early cessation of breastfeeding. Considering the challenges experienced when establishing and maintaining breastfeeding, it is essential to consider the cumulative pain and discomfort experienced from all sources.

Birth and newborn care policies and practices limit breastfeeding at maternity facilities in Vietnam

“…The association of cesarean birth and episiotomy with reduced likelihood of early and exclusive breastfeeding is consistent with previous studies (12,13,33,46,47). Cesarean births are well recognized as a barrier to successful breastfeeding Skin-to-skin contact (SSC) and breastfeeding practices reported by mothers of infants 0-11 months, three provinces, Vietnam, 2020.…”

“…The association of cesarean birth and episiotomy with reduced likelihood of early and exclusive breastfeeding is consistent with previous studies ( 12 , 13 , 33 , 46 , 47 ). Cesarean births are well recognized as a barrier to successful breastfeeding for a number of reasons including: early separation of newborns to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) or nurseries for observation ( 24 ), staff concerns that immediate SSC or breastfeeding will compromise the procedure, reduce the safety of mothers and babies, or add to their work burden; physical organization of the operating room; lack of coordination and communication between anesthesiology and obstetrics staff; and the belief that maternal pain after the procedure makes breastfeeding difficult ( 48 , 49 ).…”

“…However, data from Vietnam and elsewhere show that SSC can be introduced successfully with cesarean section, is safe for both mothers and newborns, and can decrease NICU admissions, improve newborn outcomes, increase maternal satisfaction and exclusive breastfeeding rates (31, 50-52). Similarly, pain following episiotomy may limit the comfort of the mother and contribute to reported breastfeeding difficulties (46). The significant association between EIBF and the duration of immediate and uninterrupted SSC is consistent with a 10.3389/fnut.2022.1041065 previous study of in eight countries in Asia and the Pacific, including Vietnam (29).…”

“…However, data from Vietnam and elsewhere show that SSC can be introduced successfully with cesarean section, is safe for both mothers and newborns, and can decrease NICU admissions, improve newborn outcomes, increase maternal satisfaction and exclusive breastfeeding rates ( 31 , 50 – 52 ). Similarly, pain following episiotomy may limit the comfort of the mother and contribute to reported breastfeeding difficulties ( 46 ).…”

The effectiveness of the laid-back position on lactation-related nipple problems and comfort: a meta-analysis

“…There are many factors that affect breastfeeding, among which the most important is the breastfeeding position. Inappropriate breastfeeding positions may have a negative effect on the mother’s wellbeing and exacerbate related diseases through a negative impact on the infant’s positioning and latching and the duration of breastfeeding events [ 5 ]. According to a study [ 6 ], approximately 70.3% of mothers suffered from breastfeeding difficulties, including cracked nipples, the perception of an insufficient amount of milk, pain, and fatigue.…”