“…As with manipulations of smoking deprivation and satiety described above, smoking cessation medications have been shown to attenuate tonic cigarette craving but not cue-elicited craving (for a review see Ferguson & Shiffman, 2009). This dissociation has been found with nicotine replacement therapy (Havermans, Debaere, Smulders, Wiers, & Jansen, 2003;Morissette, Palfai, Gulliver, Spiegel, & Barlow, 2005;Niaura et al, 2005;Rohsenow et al, 2007;Shiffman et al, 2003;Tiffany, Cox, & Elash, 2000;Waters et al, 2004), bupropion (Hussain et al, 2010) and varenicline (Brandon et al, 2011;Franklin et al, 2011;Hitsman et al, under review;Hitsman, Niaura, Shadel, Britt, & Price, 2006; for related animal data see O'Connor, Parker, Rollema, & Mead, 2010). Dual-controller theory explains these dissociations by suggesting that although pharmacotherapies modulate the expected value smoking and thus impact on goal-directed tobacco-seeking, they do not modify expected drug probability and so leave cue-elicited tobacco-seeking intact.…”