The impact of coffee-like scent on expectations and performance

Madzharov, Adriana V.; Ye, Ning; Morrin, Maureen; Block, Lauren

doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.04.001

Cited by 26 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Most cough medicines have a medicinal odor or a menthol odor and theses odors may trigger memory and influence the placebo effect. Large placebo effects have been reported for odors in aromatherapy, and a coffee-like scent which contains no caffeine can elicit a placebo effect and increase arousal [44,45] Belief A conscious belief in the efficacy of a cough medicine is probably the most important factor in determining the magnitude of the true placebo effect. The factors listed abovetaste, cooling, warming, tingling, viscosity, and color-all contribute to the sensory impact of the medicine and influence the perceived placebo effect, but if the patient does not believe in the efficacy of the medicine the sensory impact will have little if any influence on the true placebo effect.…”

Section: Odormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Powerful Placebo Effect in Cough: Relevance to Treatment and Clinical Trials

Eccles

2019

Lung

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Interest in the placebo effect of medicines has developed from the use of placebo treatments as controls in clinical trials into a whole new area of research around how placebos fit into a psychosocial model of therapeutics. The large placebo effect associated with cough medicines is both a problem and an opportunity for researchers: a problem for clinical trials on new actives as the active must beat the large placebo effect, and an opportunity for harnessing the placebo effect to produce effective cough medicines without any pharmacologically active ingredient. This review discusses the mechanisms associated with the placebo effect of cough medicines and distinguishes between a 'perceived placebo effect' and a true 'placebo effect'. The efficacy of sweeteners in cough syrups is discussed as well as viscosity, mucoadhesion, and flavoring. The complexity of modern cough medicines is demonstrated by an example of a medicine which contains one active ingredient, and eighteen excipients which provide a complex and intense sensory experience to enhance the placebo effect and complement the pharmacological activity of the medicine.

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Section: Odormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Powerful Placebo Effect in Cough: Relevance to Treatment and Clinical Trials

Eccles

2019

Lung

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“…This adds further complexity to the effects of genetic variation on both caffeine's ergogenic effects [16,17], ingestion parameters [18], and habituation [19]. • How does the magnitude of expectancy and/or placebo differ between sensory signals of caffeine presence, such as taste [20], smell [21], etc. ?…”

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confidence: 99%

Authors’ Reply to Painelli et al.: Comment on “Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?”

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Grgić

2020

Sports Med

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“…Among the handful of studies available, expectations have been documented to drive improvements in various aspects of cognitive function including perception (Langer et al 2010;Magalhães De Saldanha da Gama et al 2013), problemsolving ability (Madzharov et al 2018), memory (Oken et al 2008), general knowledge (Weger and Loughnan 2013), creativity (Rozenkrantz et al 2017), working memory (Rabipour et al 2018b), and implicit learning (Colagiuri et al 2011). Yet, at the same time, there have also been a host of null effects on specific cognitive outcome measures such as verbal fluency (Oken et al 2008), psychomotor speed (Suhr and Gunstad 2002), attention (Oken et al 2008;Suhr and Gunstad 2002), and the figural component of the Torrance creativity test (Rozenkrantz et al 2017).…”

Section: Expectations In Behavioral Interventions For Cognitive Enhancement: Mixed Evidence From Highly Divergent Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Impact of Expectations in Cognitive Training and Beyond

et al. 2021

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Over the past several decades, empirical and theoretical work has focused on the question of whether it is possible to purposefully improve cognitive functioning through behavioral interventions. Accordingly, a field is emerging around cognitive training, be it through executive function training, video game play, music training, aerobic exercise, or mindfulness meditation. One concern that has been raised regarding the results of this field centers on the potential impact of participants' expectations. Suggestions have been raised that participants may, at least in some cases, show improvements in performance because they expect to improve, rather than because of any mechanisms inherent in the behavioral interventions per se. The present paper discusses the latest views on expectations and the new methodological challenges they raise when considering the effectiveness of behavioral interventions on human behavior, and in particular cognition. Keywords Expectations . Cognitive training . Placebo . Associative learning . Bayesian combination There is currently a great deal of interest in the possibility that human cognitive function can be purposefully improved via dedicated long-term behavioral training (Strobach and Karbach 2016). Indeed, the past few decades have seen an explosion of work examining the potential for behavioral training to positively impact a host of cognitive functions, including fluid intelligence (Au et al. 2015), working memory (Nutley and Söderqvist 2017), spatial thinking (Uttal et al. 2013a), executive function (Titz and Karbach 2014), and selective attention (Parsons et al. 2016).Like all nascent scientific domains, much of the research to date has focused on basic science questions. Such investigations include, for instance, examinations of the core mechanisms underlying cognitive change and how these could be deliberately manipulated to produce intended outcomes (Bavelier et al. 2010;Deveau et al. 2015). Yet, the obvious real-world significance of successful cognitive enhancement has also prompted a substantial amount of work probing possible avenues for translation. Many distinct populations of individuals could potentially realize significant benefits from effective means of cognitive enhancement, especially those showing deficits in cognitive functioning for reasons related to various disorders, damage, disease, and/or age-related degradation (Biagianti and Vinogradov 2013;Mahncke et al. 2006;Ross et al. 2017). Even among those individuals within the normal range of cognitive functioning, cognitive enhancement could be advantageous in a host of real-world situations, from law enforcement, to piloting, to athletics, to academic pursuits (McKinley et al. 2011;Rosser et al. 2007;Uttal et al. 2013a;Uttal et al. 2013b).While the results of numerous individual studies and metaanalyses have provided reason for optimism that cognitive functions can be enhanced via some forms of behavioral training, significant debate in the field still persists (Green et al.Daphné Bavelier and C. Shawn Gree...

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The impact of coffee-like scent on expectations and performance

Cited by 26 publications

References 15 publications

The Powerful Placebo Effect in Cough: Relevance to Treatment and Clinical Trials

The Powerful Placebo Effect in Cough: Relevance to Treatment and Clinical Trials

Authors’ Reply to Painelli et al.: Comment on “Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?”

Assessing the Impact of Expectations in Cognitive Training and Beyond

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