The impact of cognitive reserve in the outcome of first-episode psychoses: 2-year follow-up study

Impact of childhood trauma on cognitive profile in bipolar disorder

“…Therefore, our results reinforce the relevance of the association between cognitive dysfunction and functional impairment 44 and, more specifically, the role of cognition as a predictive marker of functional outcome in BD. 3,7 Finally, in light of the above, and bearing in mind that educational level, leisure activities and estimated IQ are considered as proxy variables of cognitive reserve, [45][46][47][48][49] one may argue that the aforementioned construct may act as a protective factor against cognitive decline in bipolar patients, since results from both the univariate analysis and the multinomial logistic model suggested that these factors had a significant role in neurocognitive profile allocation, especially in the case of estimated IQ. In fact, our results are consistent with those reported by Grande and colleagues, where bipolar patients with high cognitive reserve showed better cognitive attainments.…”

Cognitive Impairment in Bipolar Disorder: Treatment and Prevention Strategies

“…Secondary analysis showed that the intervention also improved neurocognitive outcomes in the subsample of cognitively impaired patients (Bonnin et al, 2015). Even more importantly, the functional improvement in the functional remediation group persisted at 1-year follow-up compared with the other 2 treatment groups when the whole sample was considered (Bonnin et al, 2016). Autonomy was the functional domain that improved at 1-year follow-up and, interestingly, verbal memory also significantly improved from baseline to endpoint, an improvement that had not been detected just after finishing the intervention.…”

“…Very recently, some studies have suggested that cognitive reserve may be a significant predictor of both cognitive and psychosocial outcome in euthymic bipolar patients, indicating that individual differences of brain characteristics and usage before illness onset may influence the future functional and neuropsychological outcome (Anaya et al, 2015; Forcada et al, 2015; Grande et al, 2016). Interestingly, a higher cognitive reserve has also been demonstrated to be associated with better neurocognitive, functional, and clinical outcomes in first psychotic episodes and to be predictive of functioning at 2-year follow-up of this group of patients (Amoretti et al, 2016). Altogether, these data suggest that interventions to enrich cognitive reserve in the early stages of the illness might result in minimizing the detrimental neuropsychological and functional impact caused (Vieta, 2015).…”

Cardiovascular Pharmacogenomics and Cognitive Function in Patients with Schizophrenia

“…Although the role of these pharmacogenomic variants in schizophrenia has yet to be thoroughly examined, we also recognize that a patient's CR may play an important role in the complex relationship between pharmacogenetic variability, cardiovascular health, and cognitive function. A core concept of CR is that select environmental experiences are protective against cognitive decline in disease states such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, schizophrenia, and multiple sclerosis . CR was originally postulated following observations in patients with Alzheimer's disease in whom clinical status deteriorated less than would be expected based on changes in brain physiology .…”

“…Additional work has since associated CR characteristics such as degree of formal education, premorbid IQ, and physical activity with a phenotype of higher cognitive function than expected based on underlying diagnosis . Studies attempting to identify valid measures of CR in patients with schizophrenia have recognized factors such as educational level, premorbid IQ, and physical activity, as possible proxy measures for CR . However, at this time there is no single established proxy measure for classifying degree of CR in any of the aforementioned disease states.…”