The Impact of Cognitive Styles on the Speech Act of Apology among Iranian EFL Learners

Abstract

This study explored the effect of cognitive styles of field dependence (FD) and field-independence (FI) on Iranian EFL learners' performance in the speech act of apology. Additionally, the investigation also focused on the effect of these cognitive styles on individual differences (IDs) like proficiency, age, and gender of the participants. To this end, 80 EFL learners, studying at two English language institutes in Maybod, were selected through convenient sampling. This study was conducted in three phases by using a variety of instruments, like Oxford Quick Placement Test (OPT), Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), and Multiple Choice Discourse Completion Tasks (MCDCTs). With respect to the GEFT, students were divided into two groups, FD/FI. The MCDCTs were administered to measure students' pragmatic comprehension and restructuring ability of the apology situations. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 21 statistical software. The results revealed that FI participants outperformed the FD ones in apology contexts. Individual differences like gender and age had a significant effect on the performance of the participants in both cognitive groups. Although the proficiency level demonstrated some variations, but it did not have any statistically significant impact on the performance of the participants in these two groups. The major pedagogical implication of the present study is that when assessing the interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) of EFL learners, teachers and other teaching administrations should take not only cognitive styles but also individual differences into consideration so that they could adopt and apply teaching methods in line with the learners' various cognitive styles.

Communication models in a foreign language in relation to cognitive style category width and power distance

“…Mostly cognitive style is connected to the process of second language teaching and learning ( Cai Y. et al, 2021 ; Cai J.-Y. et al, 2021 ) or is related to foreign language proficiency ( Supriyadi et al, 2020 ) or to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ performance in the speech act ( Maibodi and Dehghani, 2020 ); therefore, this study attempts to fill this gap in the literature and research. The contribution of our study lies in the identification of the behavior of an individual (from a high-context culture), using cognitive style category width and communicative competence (language, social, and expressive factor) in speech act of request in a foreign language characterized by a low-context culture.…”