“…Studies in Indonesia (Firman, 1994;Hugo, 1982;D. A. Preston, 1989), Thailand (Rigg, 2003(Rigg, , 2005Rigg & Salamanca, 2011;Rungmanee, 2014), Philippine (Kelly, 2011;McKay, 2003), Africa (Barrett, Reardon, & Webb, 2001;Bryceson, 1996;Ncube et al, 2014), and Sri Lanka (Hewage, Kumara, & Rigg, 2011), amongst other, have highlighted key characteristics of de-agrarianisation: migration (Firman, 1994;Hewage et al, 2011;McKay, 2005), livelihood diversification (Barrett et al, 2001;L. De Haan & Zoomers, 2003;Ellis, 2000;Reardon, 1997), remittance income (Kelly, 2011;McKay, 2003;Rigg & Salamanca, 2011), shifts in gender relations (Hew, 2011;McKay, 2005), marginalisation and exclusion (Hall et al, 2011) and the phenomenon of multi-local living (Fan, Sun, & Zheng, 2011;Firman, 1994;Kelly, 2011;Soda, 2001).…”