The Impact of Defoliation by Gypsy Moths on the Oak Forest at Greenbrook Sanctuary, New Jersey

Stalter, Richard; Serrao, John

doi:10.2307/2996287

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…While most studies have reported that post-defoliation mortality differed among species, there is little consistency in which oak species have higher mortality following defoliation. Our observation of higher mortality for black and white oak than for northern red oak is similar to some studies (Campbell andSloan 1977, Herrick andGansner 1987), but not others (Stalter and Serrao 1983). A difficulty in comparing among studies is that confounding and sometimes correlated variables of crown class, vigor, tree age, and other factors are often not accounted for in earlier studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Multiyear defoliations in southern New England increases oak mortality

2022

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After decades of multiyear defoliation episodes in southern New England, Lymantria dispar dispar (previously gypsy moth) populations diminished with the appearance of the L. dispar fungus in 1989. Multiyear defoliations did not occur again until 2015-2018. To assess the impact of the return of multiyear defoliations, we examined 3095 oaks on 29 permanent study areas in Connecticut and Rhode Island that were established at least eleven years before the latest outbreaks. Pre-defoliation stand level oak mortality averaged 2% (three-year basis). Post-defoliation mortality did not differ between managed and unmanaged stands, but was much higher in severely defoliated stands (36%) than in stands with moderate (7%) or low-no defoliation (1%). Pre-defoliation mortality of individual trees differed among species, was lower for larger diameter trees and on unmanaged than managed stands. Post-defoliation mortality on plots with no to moderate defoliation was similar to pre-defoliation mortality levels. Following multiyear defoliations, white oak mortality was higher than for northern red and black oak. There was weak evidence that mortality was elevated on stands with higher basal area following severe defoliation. Natural resource managers should not assume that oaks that survived earlier multiyear defoliations episodes will survive future multiyear outbreaks, possibly because trees are older.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Multiyear defoliations in southern New England increases oak mortality

2022

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“…Increased mortality has resulted from bark beetle attacks on mature coniferous trees (12, 188), attack by spruce budworm on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (14), and attack by gypsy moths on deciduous hardwood trees (201). Increased mortality has resulted from bark beetle attacks on mature coniferous trees (12, 188), attack by spruce budworm on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (14), and attack by gypsy moths on deciduous hardwood trees (201).…”

Section: Death Rate Of Established Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few herbivorous insects are known to have important effects on the population dynamics of their host plants [bark beetles (12), spruce budworm (14), beech bark insects (21Oa), and gypsy moth (201)]. A further group of herbivorous insects (including many phloem feeders) are regulated by low food quality; their population densities are too low to have substantial effects on plant recruitment in most years (175).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect Herbivores and Plant Population Dynamics

Crawley¹

1989

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

616

420

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It is one thing to show that herbivorous insects affect plant performance. It is an entirely different matter to demonstrate that insect herbivory affects plant population dynamics. There is a vast literature on insect pests of crop plants that shows how attack by defoliating, sucking, stem-mining, and gall-forming species can delay seed ripening, reduce seed production and individual seed weights, reduce the rates of shoot and root growth, increase the susceptibility of plants to disease, and reduce the competitive ability of plants relative to their un attacked neighbors. This literature tells us virtually nothing, however, about the importance of insects in natural communities, chiefly because we have so little information on the regulation of plant populations in the wild. For example, we do not know whether plant recruitment is seed limited , so we cannot predict whether there would be an increase in plant numbers if the simple experiment of sowing extra seeds were carried out. Information on the nature of population regulation is vital because if plant recruitment is not seed limited, then insects that reduce seed production will not have an important effect on plant population dynamics.This review concentrates on material published from 1984 to 1987. Earlier material has been covered in other reviews (36, 64, 70, 94, 107, 12 1, 182, 206) . The first part examines the impact of insect feeding on different aspects of plant performance. The second part examines two of the best sources of evidence on the impact of insect feeding on plant population dynamics: (a) the release of specialist insect herbivores against target weed species in classical 531 Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 532 CRAWLEY biological control projects and (b) the exclusion of insect herbivores from natural plant communities by the repeated application of chemical in secticides. The limitations and shortcomings of these bodies of evidence are also discussed. BackgroundUntil recently, conventional wisdom suggested that because the world was green, it was not possible that insect herbivores could be food limited (82, 167) . The dramatic outbreaks of herbivorous insects that sometimes followed the indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum insecticides (51) lent credibility to the view that populations of insect herbivores are regulated at low densities by the actions of various natural enemies, notably predators, parasitoids, and diseases (87). At these low densities, the argument went, it was unlikely that insects could have an important effect on plant popUlation dynamics.The flaws in these arguments are numerous and have been discussed elsewhere (36, 62, 162). They can be summarized in three themes: (a) The world is not always green. (b) All that is green is not edible. (c) What is edible is not necessarily of sufficiently high quality to allow increase of the herbivore population. The evidence from natural populations does not provide convinc ing evidence in favor of the widespread importance of regulation by natural enemies (107) except in a handful ...

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“…Generally, in co-occurring populations of Quercus prinus and Q. rubra the former is more heavily damaged by gypsy moth defoliation (Fajvan andWood 1996, Muzika andLiebhold 1999) although exceptions do exist (Stalter and Serrao 1983). One factor may be that the larger bark ridges present on Q. prinus provide concealment for gypsy moth larvae, pupae and egg masses, lowering predation risk (Campbell et al 1975).…”

Section: Speciesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Legacies of land use history diminish over 22 years in a forest in southeastern New York^1,²

Katz

Lovett

Canham

et al. 2010

The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society

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The Impact of Defoliation by Gypsy Moths on the Oak Forest at Greenbrook Sanctuary, New Jersey

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Multiyear defoliations in southern New England increases oak mortality

Multiyear defoliations in southern New England increases oak mortality

Insect Herbivores and Plant Population Dynamics

Legacies of land use history diminish over 22 years in a forest in southeastern New York^1,²

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The Impact of Defoliation by Gypsy Moths on the Oak Forest at Greenbrook Sanctuary, New Jersey

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Multiyear defoliations in southern New England increases oak mortality

Multiyear defoliations in southern New England increases oak mortality

Insect Herbivores and Plant Population Dynamics

Legacies of land use history diminish over 22 years in a forest in southeastern New York1,2

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Legacies of land use history diminish over 22 years in a forest in southeastern New York^1,²