The Impact of Depression on the Development of Mild Cognitive Impairment over 3 Years of Follow-Up: A Population-Based Study

Abstract

Background/Aims: In the absence of effective treatments for dementia, major efforts are being directed towards identifying the risk factors of the prodromal phase of the disease. We report the incidence rates of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a Spanish population sample and assess the effect of depression at baseline on incident MCI (or MCI subtypes) at a 3-year follow-up. Methods: A total of 1,642 participants (age ≥50 years) were examined as part of a Spanish nationally representative longitudinal study. MCI was defined as the presence of cognitive concerns, objective evidence of impairment in one or more cognitive domains, preservation of independence in functional abilities, and no dementia. Depression was assessed through an adaptation of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). Binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses were carried out to assess the associations. Results: The overall MCI incidence rate was 33.19 (95% CI = 26.02, 43.04) per 1,000 person-years. Depression at baseline predicted the onset of MCI at follow-up after controlling for sociodemographics, cognitive functioning, and other physical health conditions (OR = 2.79; 95% CI = 1.70, 4.59). The effect of baseline depression on incident MCI subtypes was as follows: amnestic MCI, OR = 3.81 (95% CI = 1.96, 7.43); nonamnestic MCI, OR = 2.03 (95% CI = 0.98, 4.21). Conclusion: Depression significantly increases the risk for MCI. Targeting depression among those at risk for dementia may help delay or even prevent the onset of dementia.

Resilience and affect balance of empty‐nest older adults with mild cognitive impairment in poor rural areas of Hunan province, China

“…In China, the incidence rate of negative affect, especially depressive symptoms among empty‐nest older adults, is much higher than for any other aged individual groups . In addition, depression is a risk factor that is more likely to develop into MCI and dementia . However, affect balance has not been given serious consideration thus far.…”

“…25 In addition, depression is a risk factor that is more likely to develop into MCI and dementia. 26 However, affect balance has not been given serious consideration thus far. In the present study, age, single status, low educational level and self-perceived income were influential factors for affect balance in MCI.…”

Pre-ESRD Dementia and Post-ESRD Mortality in a Large Cohort of Incident Dialysis Patients

“…Additionally, dementia is a well-known independent risk factor for hip fractures, which is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality,[24,25] and also shows strong association with depression, which is another predictor of survival. [26,27] Finally, the morbidity connected with a diagnosis of dementia is also associated with large amounts of direct as well as indirect health care costs, while dementia patients typically fall in a lower income group. [28] The patients with lower income are more likely to postpone medical care because of obligatory copayments and lack of insight into illness.…”

Etoricoxib and Diclofenac Might Reduce the Risk of Dementia in Patients with Osteoarthritis: A Nation-Wide, Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study

“…3 Adjusted for gender, CCI, comorbidities, and durgs, excluding etoricoxib and hydroxychloroquine. 4 Adjusted for gender, CCI, comorbidities, and drugs. 5 Adjusted for gender, CCI, comorbidities, and drugs, excluding CCI, hyperlipidemia, etoricoxib, and hydroxychloroquine.…”

“…Dementia is a collection of syndromes including problems with reasoning, loss of memory, disability of communication, and unsuccessful performance of activities of daily living [4,5]. There are many causes of dementia, for example, Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia, alcoholism, etc.…”