“…Some studies have attempted to explore the role of GD in enhancing SL (e.g., Ahmed and Ali, 2017;Loukil et al, 2019;Ye et al, 2021;Abidi and Nsaibi, 2022). Other studies examined the impact of EM on SL (e.g., Trang and Linh, 2020;Hunjra et al, 2020;Amawi and Abu Nassar, 2021) (Nguyen and Muniand, 2021); moreover, Egyptian culture highlights the superior status of men in leadership positions. Lastly, empirical studies in Egypt revealed that listed firms in ESE practice IS (e.g., Younis, 2018;Ibrahim et al, 2020).…”