The impact of education on attachment skills in the promotion of happiness among women with unplanned pregnancy

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Happiness is among the factors that promote mental health in mothers with unplanned pregnancy. The present study aimed to determine the impact of attachment skills training on happiness among women with unplanned pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This clinical trial was conducted on 84 women with unplanned pregnancy referred to three prenatal clinics in Shiraz in 2018. The participants were randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group using permutation block. At first, the participants were requested to sign written informed consent form, demographic information form, and mental health questionnaire. Then, they were asked to complete Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and Cranley's Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale. The intervention group received attachment training through six 90-min sessions, while the control group underwent the hospital's routine care. The two groups were required to fill out the study questionnaires once more after 4 weeks after the intervention. After all, the data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent t -test, and ANOVA. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the two groups' pretest and posttest mean scores of happiness ( P = 0.0001). The results showed that in the experimental group, pretraining and posttraining period mean scores were 89.64 (7.2) and 93.13 (6.09), respectively; while in the control group, pretraining and posttraining period mean scores were, respectively, 91.69 (9.96) and 91 (8.82). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. No significant relationship was observed between happiness and the couples' occupations, number of pregnancies, and number of miscarriages in the two groups ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The mean score of happiness increased after the training, being significantly different from that in the control group. Therefore, happiness is a changeable feature that can be promoted among pregnant women via interventional methods.

The Impact of Social Support and Pregnancy on Subjective Well-Being: A Systematic Review

“…These were grouped into the following: whether it measured the effect of pregnancy on the SWB of pregnant women, the effect of SS on the SWB of pregnant women, and whether an intervention or a qualitative approach was used. A total of 13 studies were included in the pregnancy itself (Lips, 1985 ; Drescher et al, 2003 ; Taşdemir et al, 2010 ; Ndombe et al, 2011 ; Aasheim et al, 2014 ; Chang et al, 2014 ; Malhotra et al, 2015 ; Türk et al, 2017 ; Farooq et al, 2018 ; Robinson et al, 2018 ; Ishfaq and Mushtaq, 2019 ; Branecka-Wozniak et al, 2020 ; Tesfa et al, 2020 ), 16 studies in SS (Giblin et al, 1987 ; Stevenson et al, 1999 ; Macleod and Weaver, 2003 ; Elsenbruch et al, 2007 ; Rokach, 2007 ; Emmanuel et al, 2012 ; Ngai and Ngu, 2013 ; Gebuza et al, 2014 ; Goodman et al, 2014 ; Calou et al, 2018 ; Gul et al, 2018 ; Nakamura et al, 2018 ; Pakseresht et al, 2019 ; Yu et al, 2020 ; MoghaddamHosseini et al, 2021 ), three interventions (Corno et al, 2018 ; Nazari et al, 2018 ; Hasanzadeh et al, 2020 ), and two qualitative studies (Cynthia Logsdon et al, 2005 ; Kazemi et al, 2017 ).…”

“…Fordyce happiness training, focused on self-efficacy, was the subject of research of Nazari et al ( 2018 ), whereas Hasanzadeh et al ( 2020 ) applied attachment training to their study. There was a substantial distinction between the pretest and posttest mean happiness levels of the two groups in both the investigations (Nazari et al, 2018 ; Hasanzadeh et al, 2020 ). The study revealed that without the training, there was a substantial reduction in the happiness median score and an increase in perceived stress ratings at the conclusion of the trial when compared with preintervention data.…”

“…To our knowledge, other than the three studies in this review according to our inclusion criteria, only a few sought to improve SWB (Abdos et al, 2018 ). These studies were conducted to improve SWB, and happiness has shown that Fordyce happiness cognitive-behavioral training (Nazari et al, 2018 ), attachment training (Hasanzadeh et al, 2020 ), and “positive pregnancy” (Corno et al, 2018 ) improved the median score and decreased perceived stress scores. A positive psychology aspect (i.e., awareness and self-acceptance, relishing, connectivity, supports, positivity, and life happiness) and a positive psychology practice were the emphases of the programs (Corno et al, 2018 ).…”

“…Intervention, Qualitative Assessment of SWB, and SS Three interventions were conducted to improve happiness among pregnant women (Table 5). Fordyce happiness training, focused on self-efficacy, was the subject of research of Nazari et al (2018), whereas Hasanzadeh et al (2020) applied attachment training to their study. There was a substantial distinction between the pretest and posttest mean happiness levels of the two groups in both the investigations (Nazari et al, 2018;Hasanzadeh et al, 2020).…”

Survey of happiness in students of Iran University of Medical Sciences and its relationship with students’ attitudes toward the field of education and the future of career

“…In general, happiness has been described as the satisfaction and positive effect on life and a relative absence of negative affect. [ 2 ] Happy people have four constant characteristics: self-esteem, optimism, self-control, and extraversion[ 3 4 5 ]…”