“…On the control variables, we add the degree of urbanization, renewable energy consumption, trade openness and industrial structure as control variables. Urbanization has a huge contribution to make in driving economic growth( Li et al, 2022a ), and half of the world's population is expected to migrate to urban areas by 2050. While urbanization brings many good results, such as more jobs, higher revenues and living standards, the mass migration of people from rural to urban areas can put pressure on urban facilities, including water supply, sewage treatment, parklands, greens, schools, hospitals and transportation use, which in turn leads to increased pollution and environmental degradation( Sun et al, 2022 ; Wang et al, 2022c ).…”