The Impact of Eskoba®, a Glyphosate Formulation, on the Freshwater Plankton Community

Abstract

This study analyzed the acute effects of a glyphosate‐based herbicide (Eskoba®) on the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, the cladoceran Simocephalus vetulus, and the copepod Notodiaptomus conifer, and evaluated the recovery ability of the surviving microcrustaceans. Survival, age of first reproduction, and fecundity were used as endpoints for S. vetulus, while survival and time to reach the adult stage were used as endpoints for N. conifer. The registered order of sensitivity was S. vetulus (48‐hour effective concentration [EC50]: 21 mg/L) > C. vulgaris (72‐hour EC50: 58.59 mg/ L) > N. conifer (48‐hour EC50: 95 mg/L). Despite the growth of C. vulgaris stimulated after 24 hours of exposure to the commercial formulation of glyphosate Eskoba®, it was inhibited after 48 hours by all the concentrations tested. In postexposure experiments, microcrustaceans reduced their life expectancy, S. vetulus decreased its fertility, and N. conifer inhibited its sexual maturity. In summary, it was demonstrated that these species lost their recovery ability.

Toxicidad aguda del herbicida N-(fosfonometil) glicina sobre representantes planctónicos Artemia franciscana y Microcystis aeruginosa

“…Un estudio realizado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) menciona que en pruebas con el microcrustáceo Daphnia magna se reportó una CL 50(24) de 9.34 mg L -1 (WHO, 1994). Por otra parte, en un estudio realizado por Reno, Gutierrez, Regalado & Gagneten (2014), sobre la toxicidad aguda de la formulación basada en glifosato denominada Eskoba® y sobre los microcrustáceos de agua dulce Simocephalus vetulus y Notodiaptomus conifer, se obtuvo una CL 50(48) de 21.5 mg L -1 y una CL 50(48) de 95.2 mg L -1 , respectivamente. Es de notar que estos bioindicadores son característicos de agua dulce, lo cual puede ser causante de la variación tóxica del glifosato en organismos de agua salada (Artemia franciscana), donde la toxicidad resultó de categoría I.…”

Toxicity of fluoroquinolones on the cladoceran Daphnia magna

“…The culture was maintained under constant conditions: continuous aeration, agitation (100 rpm), light intensity (8000 lux), temperature 24 ± 1°C, pH (6.5), and conductivity of the medium (1.4 mS/cm). Subsequently, the suspension was centrifuged (500 rpm for 7 min) to eliminate the saline medium and resuspended in culture of D. magna to obtain a working stock concentration with a density of algae of 1.02 × 10 6 cells/ml measured directly in a Neubauer chamber and indirectly, by spectrophotometry (absorbance = 1.5, λ = 650 nm) (Regaldo, Reno, et al, 2014; Reno et al, 2014, 2018).…”

“…Cladocerans represent an ideal group for the evaluation of toxicity at global level, due to their wide geographical distribution, ease of culture, high sensitivity to different xenobiotics, parthenogenetic reproduction and short life cycle. Among them, Daphnia magna is frequently used to study chemical substances in ecotoxicological tests (Regaldo, Gagneten, & Troiani, 2014; Reno et al, 2014, 2016, 2018; Silva et al, 2015).…”

<i>N</i>-Acetylated Gemini Surfactants: Synthesis, Surface-Active Properties, Antifungal Activity, and Ecotoxicity Bioassays

“…For each of the compounds, effective concentration at 96 hours (96hs-EC50) was determined by linear interpolation [40]. To determine the EC50, the cell density (cells ml −1 ), was plotted against the products concentration and analyzed using the Probalg Program [41].…”