The Impact of Ethnic Groups on International Relations

Contrasting extremism and radicalisation in a syndemic society

“… Islamist extremism has remained a priority for several countries. This centrality can be found in risk assessment tools and strategies, used in prison and at local level around Europe ( do Céu Pinto Arena, 2021 ).…”

“…In Belgium, the UK, and The Netherlands, for example, programmes focused on tackling youth unemployment and social polarization. Even in Italy where there is a large prioritization of law enforcement approach, there is a focus on civil society and education in preventing terrorism ( do Céu Pinto Arena, 2021 ).…”

“…Several policies have focused on this dimension and have created initiatives to engage the public in decision making. However, as particularly in the case of Belgium, even where plans are established to enable this communication, participation does not include members of the public, with the notable exception of Muslim communities ( do Céu Pinto Arena, 2021 ; Musolino, forthcoming ).…”

“… A major challenge for eventual policy was the need to design a coherent approach to preventing and countering violent extremism and to avoid fatigue caused by introducing too many initiatives on different levels ( do Céu Pinto Arena, 2021 ).…”