The Impact of Ethologically Relevant Stressors on Adult Mammalian Neurogenesis

Jorgensen, Claudia; Taylor, James O.; Barton, Tyler

doi:10.3390/brainsci9070158

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 143 publications

(213 reference statements)

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“…This may suggest that the chronic stress arising from severe KBFs particularly affects later neuronal cell survival. The relative impact of stress on various stages of AHN appears to differ between paradigms 82 , but psychosocial stress has similarly been reported to downregulate the longer-term survival, but not the proliferation, differentiation or immediate survival, of newly-generated cells in the rat HF 83,84 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Keel bone fractures induce a depressive-like state in laying hens

Armstrong

Rufener

Toscano

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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In commercial flocks of laying hens, keel bone fractures (KBFs) are prevalent and associated with behavioural indicators of pain. However, whether their impact is severe enough to induce a depressive-like state of chronic stress is unknown. As chronic stress downregulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in mammals and birds, we employ this measure as a neural biomarker of subjective welfare state. Radiographs obtained longitudinally from Lohmann Brown laying hens housed in a commercial multi-tier aviary were used to score the severity of naturally-occurring KBfs between the ages of 21-62 weeks. Individual birds' transitions between aviary zones were also recorded. Focal hens with severe KBFs at 3-4 weeks prior to sampling (n = 15) had lower densities of immature doublecortinpositive (DCX +) multipolar and bipolar neurons in the hippocampal formation than focal hens with minimal fractures (n = 9). KBF severity scores at this time also negatively predicted DCX + cell numbers on an individual level, while hens that acquired fractures earlier in their lives had fewer DCX + neurons in the caudal hippocampal formation. Activity levels 3-4 weeks prior to sampling were not associated with AHN. KBFs thus lead to a negative affective state lasting at least 3-4 weeks, and management steps to reduce their occurrence are likely to have significant welfare benefits. Keel bone fractures (KBFs) present a serious welfare problem for the egg production industry, given that between 20 to 96% of birds within commercial flocks in various countries are reported to have some level of damage (Belgium 1 ; Canada 2 ; Denmark 3 ; The Netherlands 4 ; Switzerland 5,6 ; and the UK 7-9). Estimates of KBF prevalence increase with age, rising from 5.5% of birds affected within a flock at onset of lay 10 to as many as 97% by the end of a production cycle 4. Many KBFs appear to arise from collisions, both with perches 11 , which hens are highly motivated to use 12 , and other equipment including drinkers and support beams. Although the presence of a KBF does not suppress perching behaviour 13 , it does reduce frequency of range access via popholes 14. Further behavioural evidence also supports the assumption that KBFs are a source of pain or discomfort for laying hens (reviewed by Riber et al. 15), with recent studies demonstrating their association with altered movement throughout the aviary 16,17. Focusing on more direct assessments of movement and pain, hens with KBFs display greater latencies to fly down from perches 100 and 150 cm above the floor to obtain a food reward than hens without fractures, whilst delays in fractured birds alone are reduced following administration of various analgesics 18-20. Furthermore, a conditioned place preference for the location in which the analgesic was administered is observed to develop only in hens with KBFs 21. While this indicates that short-term relief from pain arising from keel fractures is a reinforcing occurrence, whether their un-medicated experience is negative and/or salient enough to produ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Keel bone fractures induce a depressive-like state in laying hens

Armstrong

Rufener

Toscano

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The wild boar of Buda live in close proximity to humans, which is expected to alter their behavior. Such behavioral changes can be learned (Changizi et al 2002) or can be acquired via altered gene function (Jorgensen et al 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the genes around this marker have proven or postulated roles in the brain and neural processes, such as phosphoglycerate mutase 2 (PGAM2), drebrin like (DBNL), ADCY1, calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II beta (CAMK2B), and INHBA. PGAM2 can be found in different tissues and forms: the slow-migrating muscle (MM) isozyme and fast-migrating brain (BB) isozyme (Jorgensen et al 2019) are related to meat and production traits in domestic pigs (Fontanesi et al 2008). DBNL plays a part in neuron morphogenesis (Inoue et al 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic adaptation to urban living: molecular DNA analyses of wild boar populations in Budapest and surrounding area

et al. 2022

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Studies of wild boar, Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758, in urban and suburban areas of Budapest, Hungary, have indicated that these populations do not have continuous contact. Based on the assumption that the city has a discrete population, we hypothesized that the urban wild boar would differ genetically from those in suburban areas. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data using the GeneSeek Genomic Profiler (GGP) Porcine 50 K system (Neogen, Scotland, UK) differentiated three populations: Buda (B) from the Western bank of the Danube; Buda Surrounding (BS); and Valkó (V) from the Eastern bank of the Danube. The coefficient of genetic differentiation (FST) for the B and BS populations was low. The inbreeding coefficients of the populations BS and V were close to zero, while population B had a high positive value reflecting the influence of founders and the inbreeding of the continuous urban population. The genome regions that were most differentiated between the B and BS populations were analyzed based on the FST values of the SNP markers using a mixed linear multi-locus model and BayeScan software. The most differentiated marker, WU_10.2_18_56278226, was found on chromosome 18. The surrounding region contained several candidate genes that could play important roles in adaptations related to human-induced stress. Two of these, encoding the adenylate cyclase 1 (ADCY1) and inhibin beta A chain precursor (INHBA) genes, were sequenced. While IHBA gene did not display variation, the allele distribution of the ADCY1 gene in the B population was significantly different from that of the BS population supporting the parapatric differentiation of wild boar.

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Adult Neurogenesis and Social Behavior: A Reciprocal Relationship

Jorgensen,

Wang

2024

Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology

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The Impact of Ethologically Relevant Stressors on Adult Mammalian Neurogenesis

Cited by 7 publications

References 143 publications

Keel bone fractures induce a depressive-like state in laying hens

Keel bone fractures induce a depressive-like state in laying hens

Genetic adaptation to urban living: molecular DNA analyses of wild boar populations in Budapest and surrounding area

Adult Neurogenesis and Social Behavior: A Reciprocal Relationship

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