Prior research has indicated that expectant parents overestimate the extent to which fathers will take part in the "work" of parenting, with mothers often becoming disenchanted when these expectations are violated following the baby's arrival. In this study, we examine the role of violated wishes concerning childcare involvement in accounting for variability in maternal and paternal marital satisfaction, and in early coparenting behavior as assessed during family-interaction sessions. The results indicate possible negative effects of violated wishes on the enacted family process and confirm previous findings regarding the effects of marital satisfaction. In addition, we uncovered differences in the way that violated maternal wishes are related to coparenting during playful and mildly stressful family interactions.A small, but consistent, body of research has reliably documented the relevance of first-time parents' prenatal wishes and expectancies about family life after the birth of the baby in predicting adjustment quality following the baby's arrival (e.g., Delmore-Ko, Pancer, Hunsberger, & Pratt, 2000;Goldberg & Perry-Jenkins, 2004;Hackel & Ruble, 1992;Kach & McGhee, 1982;Kalmuss, Davidson, & Cushman, 1992;McHale et al., 2004;Ruble, Fleming, Hackel, & Stangor, 1988;Van Egeren, 2004). Most studies indicate that parents-to-be expect a far more egalitarian division of household and childcare labor than will typically ever eventuate (Cowan & Cowan, 1992). In fact, more than one third of all women in a sample reported on by Ruble et al. (1988) expected a fully egalitarian division of labor, and so not surprisingly, many had to confront a significant violation of their prepartum expectations after the baby's arrival. Men, too, are overly optimistic; Belsky (1985) found that the bias anticipating that fathers will be equitably involved in childcare is shown by both parents.Most studies of violated expectancies document consistent negative effects on postpartum marital adjustment. For example, Belsky (1985) reported that especially unrealistic expectations about division of labor in childcare tasks or about the effect that the baby would have on the couple's own relationship and on their relationships with family and friends predicted greater marital dissatisfaction during the early postpartum months. Ruble et al. (1988) found that women assuming significantly more of the house-and childcare burden than anticipated reported the most negative feelings about their husbands' involvement in these tasks, and were more negative when evaluating the effect of the baby on their marital relationship. Hackel and Ruble (1992) showed that women highly wed to prebirth expectations about division of labor reported more negative change in marital satisfaction after transitioning to new parenthood than did women with less prenatal commitment to their expectations.Beyond predicting general declines in marital satisfaction, violated expectations regarding division of childcare-related tasks may have more insidious effects in ...