Objective
To characterize pelvic floor symptoms in post-menopausal women who had undergone osteoporosis evaluation, and examine their association with bone mineral density (BMD).
Methods
Pelvic floor symptom questionnaires were mailed to 4,026 women. Multivariable logistic regression models controlling for age, race, body mass index, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were performed comparing symptoms in women with osteoporosis (T-score: ≤−2.5) and osteopenia (T-score: >−2.5 to <−1) at any site to women with normal BMD (T-score: ≥−1, referent).
Results
1774/4026 (44%) questionnaires were returned; 1655 were included in the analysis (362 osteoporosis, 870 osteopenia, 423 normal BMD). Overall prevalence of any urinary incontinence (UI) was 1226/1640 (75%), with UI ≥2–3 times/week in 699/1197 (58%), fecal incontinence over the past month in 247/1549 (16%), and prolapse in 162/1582 (10%). Multivariable analyses revealed that women with osteopenia had increased risk of incontinence of solid stool (aOR:1.7, 95% CI:1.1–2.4). Risk of UI ≥2–3 times/week was not increased in women with osteoporosis (aOR:0.9, CI:0.6, 1.3) and was lower in women with osteopenia (aOR:0.7, CI:0.5, 0.9). In women with osteoporosis, the odds of moderate/large-volume urine loss versus small/none was higher for those in the lower T-score quartile (lower BMD; aOR:1.43, CI:1.1, 1.9).
Conclusions
In women undergoing osteoporosis evaluation, those with osteopenia were at increased risk of fecal incontinence, but not UI compared to normal women. Osteoporotic women with the lowest T-scores had higher risk of moderate/large volume UI. It is unclear whether there is a pathophysiologic link between BMD loss and development of pelvic floor symptoms.