The
HLA-G
and
MICA
genes are stimulated under inflammatory conditions and code for soluble (sMICA and sHLA-G) or membrane-bound molecules that exhibit immunomodulatory properties. It is still unclear whether they would have a synergistic or antagonistic effect on the immunomodulation of the inflammatory response, such as in chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to a better prognosis after the kidney transplantation. In this study, we went from genetic to plasma analysis, first evaluating the polymorphism of
MICA
,
NKG2D
and
HLA-G
in a cohort from Southern Brazil, subdivided in a control group of individuals (n = 75), patients with CKD (n = 94), and kidney-transplant (KT) patients (n = 64).
MICA
,
NKG2D
and
HLA-G
genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction with specific oligonucleotide probes, Taqman and Sanger sequencing, respectively. Levels of soluble forms of MICA and HLA-G were measured in plasma with ELISA. Case-control analysis showed that the individuals with haplotype
HLA-G*01
:
01/
UTR-4 have a lower susceptibility to develop chronic kidney disease (OR = 0.480;
p
= 0.032). Concerning the group of kidney-transplant patients, the
HLA-G
genotypes
+3010 GC
(
rs1710
) and
+3142 GC
(
rs1063320
) were associated with higher risk for allograft rejection (OR = 5.357; p = 0.013 and OR = 5.357, p = 0.013, respectively). Nevertheless, the genotype
+3010 GG
(OR = 0.136;
p
= 0.041) was associated with kidney allograft acceptance, suggesting that it is a protection factor for rejection. In addition, the phenotypic analysis revealed higher levels of sHLA-G (
p
= 0.003) and sMICA (
p
< 0.001) in plasma were associated with the development of CKD. For patients who were already under chronic pathological stress and underwent a kidney transplant, a high sMICA (
p
= 0.001) in pre-transplant proved to favor immunomodulation and allograft acceptance. Even so, the association of genetic factors with differential levels of soluble molecules were not evidenced, we displayed a synergistic effect of sMICA and sHLA-G in response to inflammation. This increase was observed in CKD patients, that when undergo transplantation, had this previous amount of immunoregulatory molecules as a positive factor for the allograft acceptance.