The Impact of Hybrid Flame Retardant Compositions on the Performance of Foamed Flexible Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composites

Kosmela, Paulina; Olszewski, Adam; Barczewski, Mateusz; Piasecki, Adam; Hejna, Aleksander

doi:10.1007/s11665-024-09362-1

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 74 publications

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“…Applications include integrating tire rubber into local sandy soils for various construction purposes: building embankments (Bosscher et al 1992), serving as drainage layers in landfill sites (Reddy and Marella 2001), adding to hot mix asphalt pavements (Ganiron 2014), serving as a lightweight fill (Ravichandran and Huggins 2014;Abdullah et al 2023) and enhancing the dynamic properties of sand (Feng and Sulter 2000) and granular soils (Mittal and Gill 2018). Other applications include using recycled rubber material as the upper layer of playgrounds to improve overall flexibility, compressibility, and damping capacity (Rao and Dutta 2006;Kosmela et al 2024).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground Tire Rubber as a Sustainable Additive: Transforming Desert Sand Behavior

Ismael,

Al-Ahmad

2024

Geotech Geol Eng

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Managing waste tires presents a significant challenge globally, particularly in regions experiencing high temperatures and shortage of landfill sites. This issue is affecting countries like Kuwait, where the abundance of waste tires is a major source of environmental and safety risks, particularly during the intensely hot summer months. This extreme heat has sparked numerous fires, leading to substantial air pollution due to thick black smoke. Given the limited disposal options, recycling waste tires and finding practical applications for ground tire rubber (GTR) is essential. To address the challenge, a comprehensive laboratory testing program was conducted, using locally produced rubber aggregates as an additive to Kuwait's local surface sands. Two new variables were examined namely the size and gradation of the GTR, and the density of the compacted mixes. For this purpose, two different sizes of rubber aggregates, fine and coarse produced locally, were utilized, and the impact of relative compaction on the strength and compressibility of the mixtures was investigated by testing samples compacted to the maximum density and to 95% of the maximum density. The results suggest that combining local surface sands with rubber tire additives results in a lighter, more permeable, and compressible material, contributing significantly to sustainable waste management. With 20% rubber additive the maximum dry density decreased by nearly 20%, and the permeability increased by 1.74–3.11 times and the compression index increased by 6.15 and 3.8 times with fine and coarse rubber respectively. The angle of friction remained unchanged at 36° with the addition of coarse rubber and decreased by 3°–4° with fine rubber. The change in behavior although not an increase in the strength and stiffness, offers a range of suitable practical applications in civil engineering and environmental management, including use as a drainage layer, embankment construction on soft ground, earth fill around retaining walls, an additive in asphalt mixes, and in manufacturing compressible tiles for sports facilities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground Tire Rubber as a Sustainable Additive: Transforming Desert Sand Behavior

Ismael,

Al-Ahmad

2024

Geotech Geol Eng

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The Input of Nanoclays to the Synergistic Flammability Reduction in Flexible Foamed Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composites

Hejna,

Kosmela,

Olszewski

et al. 2024

Materials

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Currently, postulated trends and law regulations tend to direct polymer technology toward sustainability and environmentally friendly solutions. These approaches are expressed by keeping materials in a loop aimed at the circular economy and by reducing the environmental burdens related to the production and use of polymers and polymer-based materials. The application of recycled or waste-based materials often deals efficiently with the first issue but at the expense of the final products’ performance, which requires various additives, often synthetic and petroleum-based, with limited sustainability. Therefore, a significant portion of research is often required to address the drawbacks induced by the application of secondary raw materials. Herein, the presented study aimed to investigate the fire performance of polymer composites containing highly flammable matrix polyurethane (PU) foam and filler ground tire rubber (GTR) originating from car tire recycling. Due to the nature of both phases and potential applications in the construction and building or automotive sectors, the flammability of these composites should be reduced. Nevertheless, this issue has hardly been analyzed in literature and dominantly in our previous works. Herein, the presented work provided the next step and investigated the input of nanoclays to the synergistic flammability reduction in flexible, foamed PU/GTR composites. Hybrid compositions of organophosphorus FRs with expandable graphite (EG) in varying proportions and with the addition of surface-modified nanoclays were examined. Changes in the parameters obtained during cone calorimeter tests were determined, discussed, and evaluated with the fire performance index and flame retardancy index, two parameters whose goal is to quantify the overall fire performance of polymer-based materials.

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The Impact of Hybrid Flame Retardant Compositions on the Performance of Foamed Flexible Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composites

Cited by 2 publications

References 74 publications

Ground Tire Rubber as a Sustainable Additive: Transforming Desert Sand Behavior

Ground Tire Rubber as a Sustainable Additive: Transforming Desert Sand Behavior

The Input of Nanoclays to the Synergistic Flammability Reduction in Flexible Foamed Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composites

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