The impact of hydrothermal carbonisation on the char reactivity of biomass

Stirling, Robert; Snape, Colin E.; Meredith, Will

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.04.023

Cited by 44 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The percentages of fixed carbon (FC), volatile matter (VM) and ash are commonly measured via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for quality characterisation of fuel materials and their thermal properties (Stirling et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2016). The hydrochars were dried in oven at 378 K for 24 h to remove the moisture content prior to dry-basis TGA work.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of subcritical hydrothermal treatment of end-of-pipe palm oil mill effluent

Lee

Chin

Cheng

2019

Heliyon

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This study evaluates the effects of subcritical hydrothermal treatment on palm oil mill effluent (POME) and its concomitant formations of solid hydrochar, liquid product and gaseous product. The reactions were carried out at temperatures ranged 493 K–533 K for 2 h. The highest reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were 58.8% and 62.5%, respectively, at 533 K. In addition, the removal of total suspended solids (TSS) achieved up to 99%, with the pH of POME reaching 6 from the initial pH 4. The gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis showed that the fresh POME contained n-Hexadecanoic acid as the dominant component, which gradually reduced in the liquid product in the reaction with increased temperature, in addition to the attenuation of carboxyl compounds and elevation of phenolic components. The gaseous products contained CO 2 , CO, H 2 , and C 3 – C 6 hydrocarbons. Traces of CH 4 were only found at 533 K. CO 2 is the dominant species, where the highest of 3.99 vol% per 500 mL working volume of POME recorded at 533 K. The solid hydrochars showed negligible morphological changes across the reaction temperature. The O/C atomic ratio of the hydrochar range from 0.157 to 0.379, while the H/C atomic ratio was in the range from 0.930 to 1.506. With the increase of treatment temperature, the higher heating value (HHV) of the hydrochar improved from 24.624 to 27.513 MJ kg -1 . The characteristics of hydrochar make it a fuel source with immense potential. POME decomposed into water-soluble compounds, followed by deoxygenation (dehydration and decarboxylation) in producing hydrochar with lower oxygen content and higher aromatic compounds in the liquid product. Little gaseous hydrocarbons were produced due to subcritical hydrothermal gasification at low temperature.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of subcritical hydrothermal treatment of end-of-pipe palm oil mill effluent

Lee

Chin

Cheng

2019

Heliyon

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“…Hydrothermal carbonization in simple words is a method used to produce "structured" carbon such as charcoal, biochar, etc., from organic matter [62,63]. The main concept behind hydrothermal carbonization is to replicate natural carbon formation (when bioorganic compounds are exposed to extreme pressures and temperatures over thousands of years), but accomplish the same result in a shorter duration.…”

Section: Hydrothermal Carbonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• C and extremely high pressures of 10 bars or more [62][63][64][65][66]. At such high temperatures and pressure, the pH of the solution decreases due to the increase in production of oxonium ion.…”

Section: Hydrothermal Carbonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar as an Eco-Friendly and Economical Adsorbent for the Removal of Colorants (Dyes) from Aqueous Environment: A Review

Srivatsav¹,

Bhargav²,

Shanmugasundaram³

et al. 2020

Water

180

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Dyes (colorants) are used in many industrial applications, and effluents of several industries contain toxic dyes. Dyes exhibit toxicity to humans, aquatic organisms, and the environment. Therefore, dyes containing wastewater must be properly treated before discharging to the surrounding water bodies. Among several water treatment technologies, adsorption is the most preferred technique to sequester dyes from water bodies. Many studies have reported the removal of dyes from wastewater using biochar produced from different biomass, e.g., algae and plant biomass, forest, and domestic residues, animal waste, sewage sludge, etc. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the application of biochar as an eco-friendly and economical adsorbent to remove toxic colorants (dyes) from the aqueous environment. This review highlights the routes of biochar production, such as hydrothermal carbonization, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction. Biochar as an adsorbent possesses numerous advantages, such as being eco-friendly, low-cost, and easy to use; various precursors are available in abundance to be converted into biochar, it also has recyclability potential and higher adsorption capacity than other conventional adsorbents. From the literature review, it is clear that biochar is a vital candidate for removal of dyes from wastewater with adsorption capacity of above 80%.

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“…However, the process should also enhance the reduction of the toxic substances, the stability of heavy metals and the dehydration of the SS as well, so that the end products could be reused with less environmental consequences. For these reasons, hydrothermal conversion (HTC) of SS has emerged as a promising approach to convert the SS into value-added products (Stirling et al, 2018). The process involves heating the SS at 180-300 °C, and at an autogenic pressure of 2-10 MPa for a short duration in an inert atmosphere (Areeprasert et al, 2014;Chen et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-depth comparison of morphology, microstructure, and pathway of char derived from sewage sludge and relevant model compounds

et al. 2020

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Hydrothermal conversion (HTC) of sewage sludge (SS) and its relevant model compounds such as cellulose, glucose, lignin and soybean protein (substitute for protein) was experimentally conducted at moderate reaction temperature of 260 °C for 60 min. The structural properties, carbon-containing groups, and microstructure of the char were characterised by several techniques. The results revealed that more benzene rings were formed by small clusters and the CO bond on Aryl-alkyl ether decomposed on the surface particles during the HTC process. In addition, the catalyst Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5, Si/Al: 300) showed an excellent performance on the high graphite degree of the char under moderate reaction temperature of 260 °C. In particular, cellulose has the most dramatic influence on the depolymerisation of C-(C,H). As evidenced with SEM, the size of the char derived from SS with ZSM-5 catalyst is 10-15μm, which is smaller than the char without catalyst. A mechanism for derivation of char from individual model compounds is proposed. The end products of lignin are composed of polyaromatic char, while the composition of the char derived from protein suggests that polymerisation may occur during hydrothermal reaction leading to formation of structures with N-containing compounds.

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The impact of hydrothermal carbonisation on the char reactivity of biomass

Cited by 44 publications

References 20 publications

An evaluation of subcritical hydrothermal treatment of end-of-pipe palm oil mill effluent

An evaluation of subcritical hydrothermal treatment of end-of-pipe palm oil mill effluent

Biochar as an Eco-Friendly and Economical Adsorbent for the Removal of Colorants (Dyes) from Aqueous Environment: A Review

In-depth comparison of morphology, microstructure, and pathway of char derived from sewage sludge and relevant model compounds

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