The impact of immunization control activities on measles outbreaks in middle and low income countries

Aylward, R. Bruce; Clements, Janice E.; Olive, Jérôme

doi:10.1093/ije/26.3.662

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Measles virus (MV) is endemic in many developing countries (3,32), and epidemics occur in every human population as soon as the herd immunity drops (1,20,39). Annually, MV infects approximately 40 million people and results in nearly 1 million deaths (19,37).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Ferret Model of Canine Distemper Virus Virulence and Immunosuppression

Messling

Springfeld

Devaux

et al. 2003

J Virol

184

183

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Canine distemper virus (CDV) infects many carnivores, including ferrets and dogs, and is the member of theMorbillivirus genus most easily amenable to experimentation in a homologous small-animal system. To gain insights into the determinants of CDV pathogenesis, we isolated a strain highly virulent for ferrets by repeated passaging in these animals. Sequence comparison of the genome of this strain with that of its highly attenuated precursor revealed 19 mutations distributed almost evenly in the six genes. We then recovered a virus from a cDNA copy of the virulent CDV strain's consensus sequence by using a modified reverse genetics system based on B cells. We infected ferrets with this virus and showed that it fully retained virulence as measured by the timing of rash appearance, disease onset, and death. Body temperature, leukocyte number, lymphocyte proliferation activity, and cell-associated viremia also had similar kinetics. We then addressed the question of the relative importance of the envelope and other viral constituents for virulence. Viruses in which the envelope genes (matrix, fusion, and hemagglutinin) of the virulent strain were combined with the other genes of the attenuated strain caused severe rash and fever even if the disease onset was delayed. Viruses in which the nucleocapsid, polymerase, and phosphoprotein genes (coding also for the V and C proteins) of the virulent strain were combined with the envelope genes of the attenuated strain caused milder signs of disease. Thus, virulence-inducing mutations have accumulated throughout the genome.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Ferret Model of Canine Distemper Virus Virulence and Immunosuppression

Messling

Springfeld

Devaux

et al. 2003

J Virol

184

183

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“…Though MMR vaccine has been part of the immunization schedule in developed countries for some time, it has been included in the Egyptian national immunization schedule only since 2000. The MMR vaccine has been very effective in the elimination of disease and has high biosafety [2,3]. Furthermore, the vaccine can be safely administered to children with allergy to eggs, even those with severe hypersensitivity [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could the MMR vaccine replace the measles vaccine at one year of age in Egypt?

Abbassy¹,

Barakat²,

Fattah³

et al. 2009

East Mediterr Health J

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Le calendrier vaccinal actuel (rougeole à 9 mois et ROR à 18 mois) peut-il être remplacé par une dose de ROR à 1 an en Égypte ? RÉSUMÉ Cette étude transversale a évalué le statut immunitaire de nourrissons en bonne santé non vaccinés afin de déterminer la possibilité de remplacer le calendrier vaccinal actuel, qui prévoit un vaccin antirougeoleux à 9 mois et un vaccin antirougeoleux-antiourlien-antirubéoleux (ROR) à 18 mois, par une dose unique de vaccin ROR à 12 mois. Les échantillons de sérum prélevés sur 566 enfants d'Alexandrie (Égypte) ont montré une baisse significative du taux de séropositivité aux trois maladies virales à mesure que l'âge augmentait, mais une augmentation significative de ce taux chez les nourrissons qui étaient le premier ou le deuxième enfant de la famille, nés à terme ou de mères n'ayant pas d'antécédents d'hypertension pendant la grossesse. Nous recommandons l'administration de la première dose de vaccin ROR entre 9 et 12 mois et une dose de rappel à l'âge de 4 ans. ABSTRACT This cross-sectional study evaluated the immune status of non-vaccinated healthy infants to determine if it is possible to replace both measles vaccine (at 9 months) and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine (at 18 months) with a single dose of MMR at 12 months. Serum samples from 566 children in Alexandria, Egypt showed a significant decrease in the seropositive rate to the 3 viral diseases with increasing age, but a significant increase in the seropositive rate among infants who were ranked 1st or 2nd in their family, full-term or born to mothers with no history of hypertension during pregnancy. We recommend administration of the first dose of MMR vaccine between 9 and 12 months of age, and a booster dose of MMR vaccine at 4 years of age. 86La Revue de Santé de la Méditerranée orientale, Vol. 15, N°

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“…Limited resources may be more effectively used to strengthen routine measles coverage. Some previous studies suggest that reactive vaccination will not stop epidemics because measles transmission is so rapid (Aylward et al 1997;Grenfell et al 2001;Strebel & Cochi 2001). Other analyses, however, point to the potential benefits of vaccination interventions in highburden settings (Broutin et al 2005;Grais et al 2006a,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time is of the essence: exploring a measles outbreak response vaccination in Niamey, Niger

Grais

Conlan

Ferrari

et al. 2007

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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The current World Health Organization recommendations for response during measles epidemics focus on case management rather than outbreak response vaccination (ORV ) campaigns, which may occur too late to impact morbidity and mortality and have a high cost per case prevented. Here, we explore the potential impact of an ORV campaign conducted during the 2003-2004 measles epidemic in Niamey, Niger. We measured the impact of this intervention and also the potential impact of alternative strategies. Using a unique geographical, epidemiologic and demographic dataset collected during the epidemic, we developed an individual-based simulation model. We estimate that a median of 7.6% [4.9-8.9] of cases were potentially averted as a result of the outbreak response, which vaccinated approximately 57% (84 563 of an estimated 148 600) of children in the target age range (6-59 months), 23 weeks after the epidemic started. We found that intervening early (up to 60 days after the start of the epidemic) and expanding the age range to all children aged 6 months to 15 years may lead to a much larger (up to 90%) reduction in the number of cases in a West African urban setting like Niamey. Our results suggest that intervening earlier even with lower target coverage (approx. 60%), but a wider age range, may be more effective than intervening later with high coverage (more than 90%) in similar settings. This has important implications for the implementation of reactive vaccination interventions as they can be highly effective if the response is fast with respect to the spread of the epidemic.

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The impact of immunization control activities on measles outbreaks in middle and low income countries

Cited by 22 publications

References 25 publications

A Ferret Model of Canine Distemper Virus Virulence and Immunosuppression

A Ferret Model of Canine Distemper Virus Virulence and Immunosuppression

Could the MMR vaccine replace the measles vaccine at one year of age in Egypt?

Time is of the essence: exploring a measles outbreak response vaccination in Niamey, Niger

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