The Impact of Investment, Economic Growth, Renewable Energy, Urbanisation, and Tourism on Carbon Emissions: Global Evidence

Abstract

Examining urbanisation and tourism from the perspective of global Sustainable Development Goals is essential for achievinga balance between environmental protection and economic growth in the world's most polluted nations. Moreover, most polluted countries pay more attention to the nature of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to achieve a sustainableenvironment. This study intends to explore the impacts of FDI, tourism, urbanization, and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions using panel data for the top ten most polluted nations for the period from 2000 to 2019. To guide empirical testing,the panel unit root tests LLC and IPS are used. The outcomes of LLC and IPS advise FM-OLS application on how to accomplish the goals. The findings provide proof of how FDI and other factors affect carbon emissions (CE). Particularly, renewable energy consumption (REC) has a detrimental but minor effect on CE. For the panel of developing nations, FDI had a favourable and significant effect on CE along with economic growth, tourism, and urbanization. The expansion of cities isalso harming nature and ecological footprints. These findings are alarming as all factors cause CE under consideration thatleads to the deterioration of the environment. Therefore, more environmental rules should be put into place to reduce CE, draw in clean FDI, and encourage quality-oriented investment in selected nations. Second, it is important to ensure the deployment of green technology and the upgrading of urbanized structures. The government can take several actions against the use of polluting goods and vehicles in urban areas, and any polluting industries should also be outlawed in such residential areas.

Trends of Carbon Emissions and Foreign Direct Investment: Accounting for Ecological Footprints, Renewable Energy, Globalization and Technological Innovations in BRICS

“…CE and FDI also move in opposite direction as per the results of the study. High rate of pollution leads to lower rate FDI(Kayani et al 2023) and investors are not willing to invest in polluted and degraded environment and that is also validated by our empirics. GLOB is a boosting factor…”

The Link between Human Development, Foreign Direct Investment, Renewable Energy, and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in G7 Economies

“…The studies of Apergis et al [11], Kayani et al [41], and Wencong et al [42] found a positive association between foreign direct investment and carbon dioxide emissions.…”

“…The empirical study of Kayani et al [41] used panel cointegration to test the effects of FDI, renewable energy, urbanization, tourism arrivals, and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions. The econometric results demonstrated that FDI, urbanization, economic growth, and tourism stimulate environmental degradation.…”

“…Also widely referred to in the literature (e.g., Thi et al [38]; Kayani et al [41]; Raihan [15] in recent years, renewable energies (REW) allow for decreased climate change and improved air quality.…”

Impact of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Resources on CO2 Emission: Empirical Evidence from SAARC

“…Nonrenewable energy sources provide 85% of global energy consumption-from nonrenewable energy resources such as oil, coal, and natural gas. Education is a precondition for fast global economic growth (Kayani et al, 2023). Education promotes economic development and via various channels improves people's lives.…”