The impact of iodinated X-ray contrast agents on formation and toxicity of disinfection by-products in drinking water

Electrochemical Processes Coupled to a Biological Treatment for the Removal of Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media Compounds

“…For example in the downstream of Danube river in Germany, more than 500 ng L −1 of diatrizoate acid and iopamidol were found (Seitz et al, 2006 ), whereas in a Spain Sewage Treatment Plant, the concentration of iopromide was in the range 6.60–9.30 μg L −1 (Carballa et al, 2004 ) and organic iodine concentration in Texas in the United States, varied between 5 and 40 μg L −1 (Drewes et al, 2001 ). Although ICM ecotoxicology still needs to be further confirmed, many researchers have claimed that ICM are transformed into toxic by-products during drinking water disinfection process (Jeong et al, 2017 ).…”

Iodinated disinfection byproducts: Formation and concerns

“…Besides natural iodide salts, iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) used for medical imaging of soft tissues have been discovered as a relevant source of iodine that leads to the formation of iodo-DBPs during chlorination and chloramination of drinking water sources. Since the first work carried out on this topic by Duirk et al [31], several studies have confirmed this [22,[32][33][34][35][36]. Of all ICM tested (i.e., diatrizoate, iodixanol, iohexol, iomeprol, iopamidol, and iopromide), iopamidol seems to be the most reactive compound.…”

Gingerbread ingredient-derived carbons-assembled CNT foam for the efficient peroxymonosulfate-mediated degradation of emerging pharmaceutical contaminants

“…The abundancy of N-species was in order: pyridinic/Me-Nx > graphitic > pyrrolic > N-oxide; graphitic-N and pyridinic/Me-Nx contents increased upon annealing. This is an important feature because higher graphitic-N can facilitate the generation of non-selective radicals [34,64,67],…”

“…Considering global consumption [59][60][61], persistent toxicity [62][63][64][65], and the structural diversity of these PhACs, their behavior in CNT-based carbocatalyst@PMS system was expected to be critically representative and needs to be urgently examined.…”