The Impact of Legislation and Industry Standards on Farm Animal Welfare

McKenna, C.

doi:10.4324/9781315562032-21

Cited by 2 publications

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“…To sum up, the report stated that animals should have the freedom "to stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs". (McKenna, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal welfare in the Common Agricultural Policy evolution

Zarbà,

Pecorino,

Pappalardo

2023

rea

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Animal welfare assumes a certain relevance within a farm context in the European Union through the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In the face of a wide range of animal welfare legislation enacted in Europe since the 1970s, also following ambitious public and private debates sometimes supported by scientific research, “animal welfare” has been part of the CAP since 1999. This paper outlines the evolutionary path of the animal welfare issue within the CAP, underlining the role it plays in a context of interrelations with other central and recurrent strategic themes in European policies. Indeed, the role of animal welfare within the CAP has been increasingly valorized and addressed to animal-oriented protection while intersecting with different strategic objectives over the course of time, which currently relate particularly to the environment and climate with the aim of supporting the ecological transition highlighting the practical implications for involved farmers and stakeholders. The new provisions of the CAP will take effect from 2023 until 2027, whereas currently Regulation (EU) 2020/2220 covers the delay concerning the Commission’s legislative proposals on the CAP after 2020. The paper drafts the regulatory progression of the virtuous path that the new CAP has consolidated over time for the improvement of animal welfare in the livestock sector, which is also linked to the future development of innovative technologies for a strategic approach including digital methods at farm and/or animal level.

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“…To sum up, the report stated that animals should have the freedom "to stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs". (McKenna, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal welfare in the Common Agricultural Policy evolution

Zarbà,

Pecorino,

Pappalardo

2023

rea

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“…To remove reads with ambiguous alignments to repetitive regions in the genome, we arbitrarily selected a minimum mapping quality score threshold of 10, which corresponds to a 10% chance of alternative alignment, to filter our reads (Hwang et al, 2019). After that, the standard pipeline of the Samtools (Li, 2011) or GATK (McKenna, 2017) software was applied to call the variants in all the samples for the BCMO1, BCO2, and SCARB1 genes, where only SNP with SNP quality ≥30 and at least 6× as coverage depth in at least one animal (or at least 2 for B. taurus) were considered. For cattle, the effect of each SNP was evaluated through variant effect predictor (McLaren et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marker discovery and associations with β-carotene content in Indian dairy cattle and buffalo breeds

Bertolini

Chinchilla-Vargas

Khadse

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Vitamin A is essential for human health, but current intake levels in many developing countries such as India are too low due to malnutrition. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 250 million preschool children are vitamin A deficient globally. This number excludes pregnant women and nursing mothers, who are particularly vulnerable. Efforts to improve access to vitamin A are key because supplementation can reduce mortality rates in young children in developing countries by around 23%. Three key genes, BCMO1, BCO2, and SCARB1, have been shown to be associated with the amount of β-carotene (BC) in milk. Whole-genome sequencing reads from the coordinates of these 3 genes in 202 non-Indian cattle (141 Bos taurus, 61 Bos indicus) and 35 non-Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) animals from several breeds were collected from data repositories. The number of SNP detected in the coding regions of these 3 genes ranged from 16 to 26 in the 3 species, with 5 overlapping SNP between B. taurus and B. indicus. All these SNP together with 2 SNP in the upstream part of the gene but already present in dbSNP (https: / / www .ncbi .nlm .nih .gov/ projects/ SNP/) were used to build a custom Sequenom array. Blood for DNA and milk samples for BC were obtained from 2,291 Indian cows of 5 different breeds (Gir, Holstein cross, Jersey Cross, Tharparkar, and Sahiwal) and 2,242 Indian buffaloes (Jafarabadi, Murrah, Pandharpuri, and Surti breeds). The DNA was extracted and genotyped with the Sequenom array. For each individual breed and the combined breeds, SNP with an association that had a P-value <0.3 in the first round of linear analysis were included in a second step of regression analyses to determine allele substitution effects to increase the content of BC in milk. Additionally , an F-test for all SNP within gene was performed with the objective of determining if overall the gene had a significant effect on the content of BC in milk. The analyses were repeated using a Bayesian approach to compare and validate the previous frequentist results. Multiple significant SNP were found using both methodologies with allele substitution effects ranging from 6.21 (3.13) to 9.10 (5.43) µg of BC per 100 mL of milk. Total gene effects exceeded the mean BC value for all breeds with both analysis approaches. The custom panel designed for genes related to BC production demonstrated applicability in genotyping of cattle and buffalo in India and may be used for cattle or buffalo from other developing countries. Moreover, the recommendation of selection for significant specific alleles of some gene markers provides a route to effectively increase the BC content in milk in the Indian cattle and buffalo populations.

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The Impact of Legislation and Industry Standards on Farm Animal Welfare

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Animal welfare in the Common Agricultural Policy evolution

Animal welfare in the Common Agricultural Policy evolution

Marker discovery and associations with β-carotene content in Indian dairy cattle and buffalo breeds

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