The Impact of Low-Grading Inflammation on Circulating Endothelial-Derived Progenitor Cells in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) is a population of mononuclear cells that expresses endothelial and progenitor markers i.e., CD34+ antigen and VEGFR-2+ vascular growth ligands (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Rreceptor-2), CD133+, as well as CD14+, and Tie2+ (tyrosine kinase ligand) [8]. EPCs may play a pivotal role in mechanisms of tissue repair, maturation of endothelial cells, angiogenesis, and revascularization [9]. EPCs are mobilized from bone marrow and probably from peripheral tissues upon injury in result in growth factors and inflammatory cytokines over production [10]. There are evidences regarding elevated EMPs as a marker of ED [11]. Indeed, increased production of reactive oxygen species, insulin

Number of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells as a Predictive Biomarker of Heart Failure

“…Formerly, an exhaustion of circulating number of EPCs labeled as CD34+ and/or CD133+, AC133+, endothelial cell markers (CD309, CD31, CD 144) was found in patient with asymptomatic and symptomatic HF, while there are several controversies regarding the role of different immune phenotypes of EPCs in tissue reparation [6][7][8][9]. Additionally, there is a suggestion that the lowered number of EPCs in circulation may significantly relate to pre-existed cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes, obesity, impaired fasting glucose, hypothyroidism [10][11][12][13].…”

Links between concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and the numbers of circulating progenitor mononuclear cells in patients with metabolic syndrome

“…The role of vitamin D in the recruitment and differentiation of progenitor mononuclear cells, which are involved in the pathophysiology of metabolic states, remains controversial (14,15). Indeed, dysfunction of progenitor mononuclear cells may play a prominent role in the worsening of endothelium reparation due to direct endothelium damage, endothelial dysfunction, microvascular inflammation, and oxidative stress (16).…”

Hypertension in Pregnancy: The Role of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cell Dysfunction

“…Additionally, there are no a large number of clinical studies opened a clear explanation what immune phenotypes of circulating EPCs play the most prominent role in endothelial regeneration and consequently could be a better biomarker of PIH-related outcomes. However, there is strong evidence regarding close relation between deficiency of circulating CD34 + VEGFR + EPCs and elevated plasma von Willebrand factor, soluble E-selectin, tissue factor of coagulation, and some inflammatory cytokines, i.e., interleukin [IL]-2 and IL-6, in hypertensive state [1,3,14,15]. Because biomarkers of endothelial damage/dysfunction mentioned above were found a predictive indicator for hypertension, there is an assumption that the CD34 + VEGFR + EPCs could be a biomarker of PIH development and PIHrelated outcomes [16,17].…”