The impact of low intensity ultrasound on cells: Underlying mechanisms and current status

Acoustic levitation as a tool for cell‐driven self‐organization of human cell spheroids during long‐term 3D culture

“…Reported potentially harmful side effects of ultrasound treatment are numerous: temperature increase, formation of cavitation bubbles, increase in cell membrane permeability or shear stress created by acoustic streaming (Du et al, 2022; Wiklund, 2012). However, these side effects are only observed when high‐amplitude ultrasounds are used.…”

Functional material-mediated wireless physical stimulation for neuro-modulation and regeneration

“…127 The cavitation phenomenon is accompanied by many physical effects, such as shock waves, microjet streams and microflows, which are strong enough to alter membrane permeability. 132 Although cavitation is considered a potential mechanism for ultrasound-induced neuro-modulation with several proposed related models, 133 researchers are increasingly focusing on the mutual mechanical interaction between ultrasound and cell membranes due to the lack of bubbles in typical ultrasound neuro-modulation experiments, which may be attributed to the relatively high ultrasound energy required for cavitation. As a mechanical wave, the mechanical effect of ultrasound can alter the cell membrane potential by effectively activating mechanosensitive ion channels, such as piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (Piezo1), TRPA1 TWIK-related arachidonic acid-activated K + channel (TRAAK), transient receptor potential ion channel polycystin 1/2 (TRPP1/2) and transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC1), 127,[134][135][136] and trigger some signaling pathways, such as ERK1/2 and PI3K-Akt.…”