“…All these papers discuss scenarios in which traditional banks are subject to regulatory restrictions while their Fintech competitors are non-banking institutions and, therefore, benefit from not facing regulatory constraints determining risk preferences. In contrast, Eccles et al (2021) analyze potential changes in the risk profile of banks when the Fintech innovation happens within the banking industry, that is, some banks adopt new technology to improve the quality of screening of borrowers (e.g., through an adoption of machine learning and Big Data, ML-BD) whereas others do not modernize. However, all the banks, regardless of their level of ML-BD adoption, are subject to the same regulations.…”