Maternal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy and childbirth is a serious concern in developing countries. The failure of women to discuss their reproductive health problems leads to less attention being given to healthcare for gynaecological and reproductive morbidities (GARMs). Intra-familial relations and empowerment specifically on GARMs may contribute to identifying determinants of healthcare in rural areas. Data from Primary Field Survey (N= 660) conducted during Feb-June, 2015 in 12 villages of Nalanda, Bihar, was
accessed in order to identify the underlying determinants motivating women to seek advice or treatment for GARMs. The bivariate, logistic regression, and simultaneous equation modelling were used to achieve the objectives of the study. The GARMs related to female genital organs and menstrual cycle (56%) followed by menstrual disorder (53%), and prolapse (48%) was found to be the most common among rural women in Bihar. By drawing attention to intra-familial relations and promoting women to interact on GARMs may reduce maternal morbidity or death, particularly in rural India.Keywords Gynecological and reproductive morbidities; Empowerment; intra-familial relations; rural India
IntroductionChildbirth can lead to gynaecological and reproductive morbidities (GARMs) if not managed properly. The World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) confirms morbidities such as female genital prolapse, menstruation disorder, pain and other conditions associated with female genital organs and menstrual cycle, pregnancy with abortive outcome, pregnancy and childbirth puerperium, maternal hypotension syndrome, complication of labour and delivery disorder venous puerperium disorder, infections of breast associated with childbirth, perinatal period disorder are common among women at disadvantaged sites. Earlier studies confirm that fewer morbidities have been studies but majority of them have wider scope of research especially in rural settings. The menstrual disorder, and pre-eclampsia are among those which has been studied. Studies on eclampsia indicate there are 2-3 cases per 10000 births in Europe while cases in developing countries tend to be 10-30 times more common than in high income countries. (Duley, 2009). Other studies showed that nutrition and body mass index (Fujiwara & Nakata, 2010;Vyver, Steinegger, & Katzman, 2008) show that complications such as polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility (Lambert-Messerlian et al., 2011) & Steege, 1996), and limitations on attendance from regular day to day life and missed activities (Houston et al., 2006;Kadir, Edlund, & Von Mackensen, 2010). The studies on healthcare for GARMs include the medication of such disorders (Ganzevoort et al., 2005;Visser & Wallenburg, 1995;Walker, Greer, & Calder, 1983;Walraven et al., 2002) but mostly from developed region. The case in rural India is slightly exceptional and it becomes even more complicated in patriarchal society where despite the role of health care at home women cannot decide to ...