The impact of microplastics on female reproduction and early life

Abstract

Plastic pollution in our environment is one of the most important global health concerns right now. Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are taken up by both humans and animals, mainly via food and water, and can pass important epithelial barriers. Indications of plastics in the blood circulation have recently been shown in both humans and farm animals, but standardized methods to quantify the exact levels of MNPs to which we are exposed are currently lacking. Potential hazards of MNPs are being investigated very recently, including the impact that MNPs may have on reproduction. However, studies on mammalian reproduction are scarce, but a wealth of data from aquatic species indicates reproductive effects of MNPs. The first studies in rodent models demonstrate that MNPs reach the gonads after oral exposure and may impact offspring after maternal exposure during the gestational period. These effects may arise from the particles themselves or the presence of plastic contaminants that leach from plastics. Plastic contamination has been detected in human placentas, fetal fluid and the meconium of newborns, indicating the presence of plastics from the very first start of life. Currently there is a lack of studies that investigate the impact of MNP exposure during the periconception and embryonic period, whereas this is an extremely sensitive period that needs considerable attention with the growing amount of plastics in our environment.

Impact of Microplastics on Pregnancy and Fetal Development: A Systematic Review

“…As evidenced by the presence of compounds linked to plastics that are known to affect hormone levels in both human amniotic fluid and the placenta, plastic particles may also cross the blood-placenta barrier [ 1 , 14 ]. The existence of MPs in the placenta raises questions about how these particles may affect placental integrity and function, including hormone synthesis and maternal-fetal exchange, and may also indicate MP translocation into the fetal enclosure.…”

“…Global health concerns about plastic pollution are growing, especially with regard to the increasing number of microscopic plastic particles known as microplastics (MPs) [1]. The amount of plastic produced worldwide has increased significantly with industrialization, from 1.5 million tons in 1950 to around 390 million tons in 2021 [2].…”

Threats of nano/microplastics to reproduction and offspring: Potential mechanisms and perspectives

“…Therefore, humans could be not only directly exposed to NPs/MPs-contaminated food and water, but also indirectly exposed through the food chain. Thus, NPs/MPs are frequently detected in multiple biological samples, such as skin, hair, saliva, placenta, colon, stool, semen, fetal fluid, and so on [5][6][7][8][9]. In general, humans are exposed to NPs/MPs dominantly via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact (Figure 1).…”