“…">The traditional method to compute the SDF compares a backward‐looking forecast with a forward‐looking RND, questioning whether the pricing kernel puzzle could be caused by misaligned expectations (see Brown & Jackwerth, 2012; Beare, 2011; Beare & Schmidt, 2016; Carr & Wu, 2003; Grith et al, 2017; Yatchew & Härdle, 2006). While several papers address this information mismatch (see Cuesdeanu & Jackwerth, 2018a; Linn et al, 2018; Sala et al, 2016), we are the first to estimate the real‐world pricing kernel, including both risk‐preferences and behavioral effects, in a consistent forward‐looking framework. - Previous studies indirectly attribute to sentiment all deviations between a traditional kernel and the empirical SDF.
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